1. HKNS fragmentation functions and proposal for exotic-hadron search Shunzo Kumano High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Graduate University for Advanced Studies (GUAS) February 25, 2008 shunzo.kumano@kek.jphttp://research.kek.jp/people/kumanos/ Workshop on parton fragmentation processes in the vacuum and in the medium ECT*, Trento, Italy, February 25-29, 2008 with M. Hirai (Juntendo U), T.-H. Nagai (GUAS), M. Oka (Tokyo Tech), K. Sudoh (KEK)

2. References on our works Part 1: Determination of fragmentation function and their uncertainties M. Hirai, SK, T.-H. Nagai, K. Sudoh M. Hirai, SK, T.-H. Nagai, K. Sudoh (hep-ph/0702250) Phys. Rev. D75 (2007) 094009, 1-17. (hep-ph/0702250) Phys. Rev. D75 (2007) 094009, 1-17. Determination of FFs for , K, p in LO and NLO Determination of FFs for , K, p in LO and NLO with their uncertainties. with their uncertainties. Part 2: Proposal for exotic-hadron search by fragmentation functions M. Hirai, S. Kumano, M. Oka, and K. Sudoh M. Hirai, S. Kumano, M. Oka, and K. Sudoh (arXiv:0708.1816) Phys. Rev. D77 (2008) 017504, 1-4. (arXiv:0708.1816) Phys. Rev. D77 (2008) 017504, 1-4. Determination of FFs for f 0 (980) in NLO Determination of FFs for f 0 (980) in NLO with their uncertainties  Internal quark structure of f 0 (980) with their uncertainties  Internal quark structure of f 0 (980)

3. Part I HKNS Fragmentation Functions For , K, p/p Ref. M. Hirai, SK, T.-H. Nagai, K. Sudoh Phys. Rev. D75 (2007) 094009, 1-17. Code for calculating the fragmentation functions is available at http://research.kek.jp/people/kumanos/ffs.html.

4. Contents (1) Introduction to fragmentation functions (FFs)  Definition of FFs  Motivation for determining FFs (2) Determination of FFs  Analysis method  Results  Comparison with other parameterizations (3) Summary for part I

5. Introduction

6. Fragmentation Function Fragmentation function is defined by e+e+ e–e– , Z q q h Fragmentation: hadron production from a quark, antiquark, or gluon Variable z Hadron energy / Beam energy Hadron energy / Beam energy Hadron energy / Primary quark energy Hadron energy / Primary quark energy A fragmentation process occurs from quarks, antiquarks, and gluons, so that F h is expressed by their individual contributions: Calculated in perturbative QCD Non-perturbative (determined from experiments)

7. Momentum (energy) sum rule Favored and disfavored fragmentation functions

8. Purposes of investigating fragmentation functions Semi-inclusive reactions have been used for investigating ・ origin of proton spin ・ properties of quark-hadron matters Quark, antiquark, and gluon contributions to proton spin (flavor separation, gluon polarization) Nuclear modification (recombination, energy loss, …)

9. Pion production at RHIC: p + p   0 + X S. S. Adler et al. (PHENIX), PRL 91 (2003) 241803 Consistent with NLO QCD calculation up to 10 –8 Data agree with NLO pQCD + KKP Large differences between Kretzer and KKP calculations at small p T  Importance of accurate fragmentation functions p T p p  Blue band indicates the scale uncertainty by taking Q=2p T and p T /2.

10. Situation of fragmentation functions (before 2007) There are two widely used fragmentation functions by Kretzer and KKP. An updated version of KKP is AKK. (Kretzer) S. Kretzer, PRD 62 (2000) 054001 (KKP) B. A. Kniehl, G. Kramer, B. Pötter, NPB 582 (2000) 514 (AKK) S. Albino, B.A. Kniehl, G. Kramer, NPB 725 (2005) 181 The functions of Kretzer and KKP (AKK) are very different. See also Bourhis-Fontannaz-Guillet-Werlen (2001) for FFs without hadron separation.

11. Status of determining fragmentation functions (before 2007) Uncertainty ranges of determined fragmentation functions were not estimated, although there are such studies in nucleonic and nuclear PDFs. The large differences indicate that the determined FFs have much ambiguities. Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs), Fragmentation Functions (FFs)

12. Determination of Fragmentation Functions

13. New aspects in our analysis (compared with Kretzer, KKP, AKK) Determination of fragmentation functions (FFs) and Determination of fragmentation functions (FFs) and their uncertainties in LO and NLO. their uncertainties in LO and NLO. Discuss NLO improvement in comparison with LO Discuss NLO improvement in comparison with LO by considering the uncertainties. by considering the uncertainties. (Namely, roles of NLO terms in the determination of FFs) (Namely, roles of NLO terms in the determination of FFs) Comparison with other parametrizations Comparison with other parametrizations Avoid assumptions on parameters as much as we can, Avoid assumptions on parameters as much as we can, Avoid contradiction to the momentum sum rule Avoid contradiction to the momentum sum rule SLD (2004) data are included. SLD (2004) data are included.

14. HKNS (Ours)KretzerKKP (AKK) Function form # of parameters141115 (18) Initial scale Q 0 2 (NLO) 1.0 GeV 2 0.4 GeV 2 2.0 GeV 2 Major ansatz Comment One constraint: A gluon parameter is fixed. Four constraints: (momentum sum?) No π +, π – separation Comparison with other NLO analyses in  comments on DSS later

15. Initial functions for pion Constraint: 2 nd moment should be finite and less than 1

16. Experimental data for pion # of data TASSO TCP HRS TOPAZ SLD SLD [light quark] SLD [ c quark] SLD [ b quark] ALEPH OPAL DELPHI DELPHI [light quark] DELPHI [ b quark] 12,14,22,30,34,44 29 58 91.2 29 18 2 4 29 22 17 Total number of data ： 264

17. Analysis Uncertainty estimation: Hessian method Results for the pion

18. Error estimation Hessian method  2 (  ) is expanded around its minimum  0 (  =parameter) where the Hessian matrix is defined by In the  2 analysis, 1  standard error is The error of a distribution F(x) is given by

19. Comparison with pion data Our NLO fit with uncertainties Rational difference between data and theory Our fit is successful to reproduce the pion data. The DELPHI data deviate from our fit at large z.

20. Comparison with pion data: (data-theory)/theory

21. Determined fragmentation functions for pion Gluon and light-quark fragmentation functions have large uncertainties. Uncertainty bands become smaller in NLO in comparison with LO.  The data are sensitive to NLO effects. The NLO improvement is clear especially in gluon and disfavored functions. Heavy-quark functions are relatively well determined.

22. Comparison with kaon data

23. Determined functions for kaon Gluon and light-quark fragmentation functions have large uncertainties, which are larger than the pionic ones. Uncertainty bands become smaller in NLO in comparison with LO. The situation is similar to the pion functions. Heavy-quark functions are relatively well determined.

24. Comparison with other parametrizations in pion Gluon and light-quark disfavored fragmentation functions have large differences, but they are within the uncertainty bands.  The functions of KKP, Kretzer, AKK, and HKNS are consistent with each other. All the parametrizations agree in charm and bottom functions. (KKP) Kniehl, Kramer, Pötter (AKK) Albino, Kniehl, Kramer (HKNS) Hirai, Kumano, Nagai, Sudoh  DSS (next page)

25. D. De Florian, R. Sassot, M. Stratmann, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 114010; 76 (2007) 074033. Comparison with DSS in pion DSS functions generally agree well with HKNS in the pion.

26. Comparison with other parametrizations in kaon and proton kaon proton

27. Comparison with DSS in kaon DSS functions differ from HKNS in light-quark and gluon functions of the kaon; however, they are within the uncertainties.

28. Comments on “low-energy” experiments, Belle & BaBar Gluon fragmentation function is very important for hadron production at small p T at RHIC (heavy ion, spin) and LHC, (see the next transparency) (see the next transparency) and it is “not determined” as shown in this analysis.  Need to determine it accurately.  Gluon function is a NLO effect with the coefficient function and in Q 2 evolution. function and in Q 2 evolution. We have precise data such as the SLD ones at Q=Mz, so that accurate small-Q 2 data are needed for probing the Q 2 evolution, namely the gluon fragmentation functions. (Belle, BaBar ?)

29. Subprocesses Gluon polarization  g at small p T  Gluon fragmentation function plays a major role (from Torii’s talk at Pacific-Spin05) Pion production at RHIC:

30. Summary on Part I Determination of the optimum fragmentation functions for , K, p in LO and NLO by a global analysis of e + +e –  h+X data. This is the first time that uncertainties of the fragmentation functions are estimated. Gluon and disfavored light-quark functions have large uncertainties.  The uncertainties could be important for discussing physics in  Need accurate data at low energies (Belle and BaBar). For the pion and kaon, the uncertainties are reduced in NLO in comparison with LO. For the proton, such improvement is not obvious. Heavy-quark functions are well determined. Code for calculating the fragmentation functions is available at http://research.kek.jp/people/kumanos/ffs.html.

31. Part II Fragmentation Functions For Exotic-Hadron Search: f 0 (980) as an example Ref. M. Hirai, S. Kumano, M. Oka, and K. Sudoh Phys. Rev. D77 (2008) 017504, 1-4.

32. Contents (1) Introduction to exotic hadrons  Recent discoveries  Exotic hadrons at M ~ 1 GeV, especially f 0 (980)  FFs in heavy-ion collisions (2) Criteria for determining quark configurations by fragmentation functions  Functional forms, Second moments (3) Analysis of e + + e –  f 0 + X data for determining fragmentation functions for f 0 (980)  Analysis method, Results, Discussions (4) Summary for part II

33. Introduction

34. Recent progress in exotic hadrons (Japanese ?) Exotics  + (1540)?: LEPS Pentaquark?  S 0 (3115), S + (3140): KEK-PS Strange tribaryons?  X (3872), Y(3940): Belle Tetraquark, DD molecule  D sJ (2317), D sJ (2460): BaBar, CLEO, Belle Tetraquark, DK molecule  Z (4430): Belle Tetraquark, … qq Meson q 3 Baryon q 2 q 2 Tetraquark q 4 q Pentaquark q 6 Dibaryon … q 10 q e.g. Strange tribaryon … gg Glueball …

35. Naïve quark-model 0.5 GeV 1.0 GeV Scalar mesons J P = 0 + at M ~ 1 GeV Strong-decay issue: The experimental widths  (f 0, a 0 ) = 40 – 100 MeV are too small to be predicted by a typical quark model. R. Kokoski and N. Isgur, Phys. Rev. D35 (1987) 907; SK and V. R. Pandharipande, Phys. Rev. D38 (1988) 146.

36. Determination of f 0 (980) structure by electromagnetic decays F. E. Close, N. Isgur, and SK, Nucl. Phys. B389 (1993) 513. Radiative decay:  S  J p = 1 –  0 + E1 transition qq model:  = small Electric dipole: er (distance!) S=f 0 (980), a 0 (980) For recent discussions, N. N. Achasov and A. V. Kiselev, PRD 73 (2006) 054029; D74 (2006) 059902(E); D76 (2007) 077501; Y. S. Kalashnikova et al., Eur. Phys. J. A24 (2005) 437. KK molecule or qqqq:  = large Experimental results of VEPP-2M and DA  NE suggest that f 0 is a tetraquark state (or a KK molecule?).

37. f 0 (980) in heavy-ion collisions L. Maiani, A. D. Polosa, V. Riquer, and C.A. Salgado, Phys. Lett. B645 (2007) 138. (See also C. Nonaka et al., Phys. Rev. C69 (2004) 031902. ) Recombination / Fragmentation

38. Parton distribution functions (PDFs) gluon x 11/3 Momentum distribution is spread. Sea quark Valence quark x 11/3 Valence- and sea-quark distributions are different.  Internal quark configuration However, PDFs of exotic hadrons could not be measured because lifetimes are too short.  Possible in fragmentation functions ?!

39. Criteria for determining internal structure of f 0 (980) by fragmentation functions

40. Criteria for determining f 0 structure by its fragmentation functions Discuss 2nd moments and functional forms (peak positions) of the fragmentation functions for f 0 by assuming the above configurations, (1), (2), (3), and (4).

41. s s picture for f 0 (980) u (disfavored) s (favored) O (g 2 ) g + one O (g 3 ) term of gluon radiation from gluon radiation from the antiquark the antiquark + one O (g 3 ) term of gluon radiation from gluon radiation from the antiquark the antiquark O (g 3 ) + one O (g 2 ) term of gluon radiation from gluon radiation from the quark the quark O (g 2 ) O (g 3 ) + two O (g 3 ) terms of gluon radiation from gluon radiation from the quark or antiquark the quark or antiquark

42. u, s (favored) g nnss picture for f 0 (980) O (g 4 ) K K picture for f 0 (980) + six O (g 4 ) terms of gluon radiation from gluon radiation from other quarks other quarks O (g 4 )

43. n n picture for f 0 (980) u (favored) s (disfavored) g O (g 2 ) + Two O (g 2 ) terms of gluon radiation from gluon radiation from other quarks other quarks O (g 2 ) + two O (g 3 ) terms of gluon radiation from gluon radiation from other quarks other quarks + four O (g 3 ) terms of gluon radiation from gluon radiation from other quarks other quarks O (g 3 )

44. gg picture for f 0 (980) u, s (disfavored) g (favored) O (g 2 ) O (g 1 )

45. Judgment TypeConfiguration2nd MomentPeak z Nonstrange Strange Tetraquark Molecule Glueball

46. Global analysis for fragmentation functions of f 0 (980)

47. Fragmentation functions for f 0 (980) e+e+ e–e– , Z q q h

48. Experimental data for f 0 Exp. collaboration# of data TASSO TCP HRS TOPAZ SLD SLD [light quark] SLD [ c quark] SLD [ b quark] ALEPH OPAL DELPHI DELPHI [light quark] DELPHI [ b quark] 12,14,22,30,34,44 29 58 91.2 29 18 2 4 29 22 17 Total number of data ： 264 Exp. collaboration# of data HRS OPAL DELPHI 29 91.2 4 8 11 pion Total number of data ： only 23 One could foresee the difficulty in getting reliable FFs for f 0 at this stage. f0f0f0f0 

49. Analysis results: Comparison with data Rational difference between data and theory Uncertainties of determined FFs are very large! Only a few data at small Q 2  difficult to determine the FFs (f 0 ) especially at small Q 2  difficult to find scaling violation = gluon FF cannot be fixed = quark FFs should have extra uncertainties due to error correlation with the gluon HRS, PRL 57, 1990 (1986) OPAL, EPJ C4,19 (1998) DELPHI, PL 449B, 364 (1999), ZP C65, 587 (1995)

50. Results on the fragmentation functions

51. Large uncertainties 2nd moments M u = 0.0012  0.0107 M s = 0.0027  0.0183 M g = 0.0090  0.0046  M u / M s = 0.43  6.73 The uncertainties are order-of-magnitude larger than the distributions and their moments themselves. At this stage, the determined FFs are not accurate enough to discuss internal structure of f 0 (980).  Accurate data are awaited not only for f 0 (980) but also for other exotic and “ordinary” hadrons. but also for other exotic and “ordinary” hadrons.

52. Requests for experimentalist (hopefully, not so demanding) Accurate data on f 0 (980) and other exotic hadrons, as well as Accurate data on f 0 (980) and other exotic hadrons, as well as ordinary ones ordinary ones Accurate data especially at small Q 2 Accurate data especially at small Q 2 e.g. Belle, c.m. energy = 10.58 GeV e.g. Belle, c.m. energy = 10.58 GeV  Determination of scaling violation  Determination of scaling violation (mainly, gluon fragmentation function) (mainly, gluon fragmentation function) Charm- and bottom-quark tagging Charm- and bottom-quark tagging Charm and bottom functions can be determined. Charm and bottom functions can be determined.  Remaining functions, which are important for judging  Remaining functions, which are important for judging whether or not the hadron is exotic, should be determined whether or not the hadron is exotic, should be determined much accurately. much accurately.

53. Summary on Part II Exotic hadrons could be found by studying fragmentation functions. As an example, the f 0 (980) meson was investigated. 2nd momentsfunctional forms (1) We proposed to use 2nd moments and functional forms as criteria for finding quark configuration. (2) Global analysis of e + +e –  f 0 +X data The results may indicate ss or qqqq structure. However, … Large uncertainties in the determined FFs  The obtained FFs are not accurate enough to discuss the quark configuration of f 0 (980). (3) Accurate experimental data are important  Small-Q 2 data as well as large-Q 2 (M z 2 ) ones  c- and b-quark tagging

54. The End