1. Memory ability to accept information to store to recall, to retrieve information from NS

2. Memory vs learning Engram Memory is not homogeneous Duration, persistence Brain structures Molecular mechanisms

3. Posttetanic potentiation (short term potentiation) Long term potentiation LTP

4. Posttetanic potentiation A hight rate of stimulation of the presynaptic neuron A gradual increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential The enhancement in the strength of the synapse represents storage of information about previous activity It can lasts minutes but can persist for an hour. An elementary form of memory Postsynaptic potential increases in size = potentiation

5. Posttetanic potentiation Large Ca 2+ influx. Saturation of the various Ca 2+ buffering systems (ER, mitochondia) Temporary excess of Ca 2+ is called residual Ca 2+. Concentration of free Ca 2+ affects the amount of transmitter released

6. Long term potentiation LTP

7. NMDA – glutamate receptor

8. Long term potentiation LTP Glutamate synapse

9. Increase in the sensitivity and number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors Long term potentiation LTP retrograde messenger (NO)

10. Long term potentiation LTP retrograde messenger (nitric oxide) Presynaptic part Postsynaptic part NO initiate an enhancement of transmitter release that contributes to LTP

11. New synapses Long term potentiation LTP retrograde messenger (NO) Increase in the sensitivity and number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors

12. Temporal phases of memory (based on different biological mechanisms)

13. Iconic (visual) echoic (auditory) – reflect the activity of sensory buffers, continuation of sensory neural activity Short-term memories – last for seconds up to a minutes Intermediate-term memory – for hours or days Long-term memory – weeks, months, years, for the rest of the life of an organism (permanent memory) Working memory (short-term or intermediate-term) – is limited by the use of information

15. Retrograde amnesia A person who has been knocked unconscious selectively loses memory for events that occured before the blow This supports a model of Memory storage in stages

16. A scheme of memory processes that includes encoding, consolidation and retrieval

17. Pacient H.M. Long term memory

18. H.M. was taught to trace between two outlines of a star while viewing his hand in a mirror

20. Regions of the human brain that have been implicated in the formulation of long-term declarative memories. A lateral view of the brain shows the levels of the transverse sections Cross sections in two levels

21. Explicit memory is stored in association cortex Explicit knowledge involves at least four distinct processes: Encoding - incoming information must be perceived Consolidation – newly stored information is labile, to make it more stable (expression of genes, structural changes Storage- to retain over time, almost unlimited capacity Retrieval – to bring different kinds of information together, it is constructive process, subject to distortion

22. Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Episodic Store events autobiograph ical Semantic Non associative Associative learning Long term memory classification

23. Epizodic-like memory test

24. Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Epizodic Store events autobiografic Semantic Store facts Non associative Associative learning Long term memory classification

25. Morris water maze

26. Blue velvet arena

27. Epizodic-like memory test

28. Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Epizodic Store events autobiografic Semantic Store facts Non- associative No relation between two or more stimuli, behavior and its consequence are not related to. Associative learning Long term memory classification Habituation Sensitization Imprinting

29. Long term memory nondeclarative nonassociateve Habituation

30. Long term memory nondeclarative nonassociateve Sensitization Imprinting

31. Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Epizodic Store events autobiografic Semantic Store facts neasociativní associative learning – relation between stimulus-response two or more stimuli, events, behavior – its consequence Long term memory classical conditioning instrumental, operant conditioning (standard or motor learning) conditioned taste aversion priming

32. Ivan Petrovič Pavlov Classical conditioning

33. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Classical conditioning

34. Standard operant conditioning

36. Priming

37. ABSENT INCOME FILLY DISCUSS CHEESE ELEMENT

38. Priming

39. Priming (ovlivnění odhadu) ABS INC FIL DIS CHE ELE