1. UMTRI 1 Influences on Teen Driving and Related Interventions Public Health Traffic Safety Institute November 3, 2007 Jean Thatcher Shope, MSPH, PhD Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) Health Behavior/Health Education, School of Public Health University of Michigan With support from NIH, NHTSA, CDC, and input from colleagues

2. UMTRI 2 Young Driver Crash Risk Young drivers' high crash rates More complex driving environment More cars, congestion, aggressive driving Enforcement not optimal Need to understand influences on driving Then target interventions toward influences

3. UMTRI 3 Presentation Outline Problem of young driver crashes Multiple influences: conceptual framework How can we reduce young driver crashes? –Interventions based on framework Evaluation of interventions

4. UMTRI 4 Teen Driver Crash Problem in US Youngest drivers at greatest risk Fatalities high (especially teen boys) Injuries higher Higher crash risk at night Higher crash risk with passengers Higher crash risk with alcohol

5. UMTRI 5 Teen Crash Risk from Alcohol Crash risk increases with increased BAC Steeper for teens At all BAC levels, crash risk higher for teens Especially at low and moderate BAC Teens relatively inexperienced at drinking, driving, and drink/driving

6. UMTRI 6 Conceptual Framework Needed Serious, complex public health problem Need to understand big picture To change behavior, ground interventions in behavioral science theory –Social Learning Theory –Problem Behavior Theory –Ecological models

7. UMTRI 7 Conceptual Framework DrivingCrashInjuryFatality Behavior

8. UMTRI 8 Influences on Teen Driving Behavior Demographic factors Personality Perceived environment Driving environment Driving ability Driving behavior Development

9. UMTRI 9 Influences on Teen Driving Behavior Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use

10. UMTRI 10 What interventions might affect teens’ driving behaviors? Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use

11. UMTRI 11 Driving Behavior Interventions Set policy Pass legislation, laws Enforce the laws (certain, swift, consistent)

12. UMTRI 12 Influences on Teen Driving Behavior Personality Risk-taking propensity Hostility/aggressiveness Tolerance of deviance Susceptibility to peer pressure Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use

13. UMTRI 13 What interventions might affect teens’ personality factors? Personality Risk-taking propensity Hostility/aggressiveness Tolerance of deviance Susceptibility to peer pressure

14. UMTRI 14 Personality Factor Interventions Not likely to be amenable to change Parents should consider teens’ personality in decisions about driving

15. UMTRI 15 Influences on Teen Driving Behavior Personality Risk-taking propensity Hostility/aggressiveness Tolerance of deviance Susceptibility to peer pressure Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use Development Physical Hormones, energy, brain, sleep Psychosocial Emotional, social (identity, sexuality) Transitions

16. UMTRI 16 What interventions might affect teens’ development? Development Physical Hormones, energy, brain, sleep Psychosocial Emotional, social (identity, sexuality) Transitions

17. UMTRI 17 Developmental Factor Interventions Brain development: GDL restrictions Maturity: readiness to drive (parents) Sleep: GDL restrictions; school start times

18. UMTRI 18 Influences on Teen Driving Behavior Personality Risk-taking propensity Hostility/aggressiveness Tolerance of deviance Susceptibility to peer pressure Perceived environment Parents’ norms, behavior expectations Parental involvement, monitoring Peers' norms, behavior expectations Partner’s norms, behavior expectations Risk perception Community norms Cultural norms Media-advertising, entertainment Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use Development Physical Hormones, energy, brain Psychosocial Emotional, social (identity, sexuality) Transitions

19. UMTRI 19 What interventions might affect teens’ perceived environment? Perceived environment Parents’ norms, behavior expectations Parental involvement, monitoring Peers' norms, behavior expectations Partner’s norms, behavior expectations Risk perception Community norms Cultural norms Media-advertising, entertainment

20. UMTRI 20 Perceived Environment Interventions Change norms, behaviors, expectations of parents, peers, partners Encourage parental involvement, monitoring Change community, cultural norms Change media, norms Publicize enforcement

21. UMTRI 21 Influences on Teen Driving Behavior Demographic factors Age, Sex Living situation Marital/parental status Employment Education Personality Risk-taking propensity Hostility/aggressiveness Tolerance of deviance Susceptibility to peer pressure Perceived environment Parents’ norms, behavior expectations Parental involvement, monitoring Peers' norms, behavior expectations Partner’s norms, behavior expectations Risk perception Community norms Cultural norms Media-advertising, entertainment Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use Development Physical Hormones, energy, brain Psychosocial Emotional, social (identity, sexuality) Transitions

22. UMTRI 22 What interventions might affect teens’ demographic factors? Demographic factors Age Sex Living situation Marital/parental status Employment Education

23. UMTRI 23 Demographic Factor Interventions Age: GDL restrictions Sex: ? Education: ?

24. UMTRI 24 Influences on Teen Driving Behavior Demographic factors Age, Sex Marital status Parental status Employment Education Personality Risk-taking propensity Hostility/aggressiveness Tolerance of deviance Susceptibility to peer pressure Perceived environment Parents’ norms, behavior expectations Parental involvement, monitoring Peers' norms, behavior expectations Partner’s norms, behavior expectations Risk perception Community norms Cultural norms Media-advertising, entertainment Driving environment (physical and social) Night/dark Weather and road conditions Vehicle access, type, interior familiar/safe Passengers (age, sex, substance use) Trip purpose Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use Development Physical Hormones, energy, brain Psychosocial Emotional, social (identity, sexuality) Transitions

25. UMTRI 25 What interventions might affect teens’ driving environment? Driving environment (physical and social) Night/dark Weather and road conditions Vehicle access, type, interior familiar/safe Passengers (age, sex, substance use) Trip purpose

26. UMTRI 26 Driving Environment Interventions Restrict novice teen drivers’ exposure (night, passengers, trip purpose) Restrict teens’ access to alcohol Encourage/educate about vehicle availability and type Technology to manage electronic distractions

27. UMTRI 27 Influences on Teen Driving Behavior Demographic factors Age, Sex Marital status Parental status Employment Education Personality Risk-taking propensity Hostility/aggressiveness Tolerance of deviance Susceptibility to peer pressure Perceived environment Parents’ norms, behavior expectations Parental involvement, monitoring Peers' norms, behavior expectations Partner’s norms, behavior expectations Risk perception Community norms Cultural norms Media-advertising, entertainment Driving environment (physical and social) Night/dark Weather and road conditions Vehicle availability, type Passengers (age, sex, substance use) Trip purpose Driving ability Knowledge Skill Experience Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use Development Physical Hormones, energy, brain Psychosocial Emotional, social (identity, sexuality) Transitions

28. UMTRI 28 What interventions might affect teens’ driving ability? Driving ability Knowledge Skill Experience

29. UMTRI 29 Driving Ability Interventions Identify/require adequate training Identify/require adequate practice, experience Educate about fatigue, distraction, impairment Incorporate graduated system, with competence demonstrated and privileges earned (state policy and parental oversight)

30. UMTRI 30 Are we intervening where it counts most? Demographic factors Age, Sex Marital status Parental status Employment Education Personality Risk-taking propensity Hostility/aggressiveness Tolerance of deviance Susceptibility to peer pressure Perceived environment Parents’ norms, behavior expectations Parental involvement, monitoring Peers' norms, behavior expectations Partner’s norms, behavior expectations Risk perception Community norms Cultural norms Media-advertising, entertainment Driving environment (physical and social) Night/dark Weather and road conditions Vehicle availability, type Passengers (age, sex, substance use) Trip purpose Driving ability Knowledge Skill Experience Driving behavior Speeding Unsafe passing Tailgating Failure to yield Impaired driving Lack of safety belt use Development Physical Hormones, energy, brain Psychosocial Emotional, social (identity, sexuality) Transitions

31. UMTRI 31 Successful Interventions Framework can suggest, guide interventions There are no simple fixes Sound basis more likely to succeed Based on young drivers’ input Clarify intent/outcome of intervention Can direct intervention at intermediate factor Effective interventions must be ongoing

32. UMTRI 32 Evaluation of Interventions Evaluation essential Process, impact, outcome Ongoing research and program evaluation adds to/refines framework Watch for unintended consequences

33. UMTRI 33 Summary Understand teens’ driving behavior and influences Base interventions on research results Implement well (compliance) Evaluate well Parental involvement (restrictions, contracts) Community involvement Enforcement

34. UMTRI 34 Think about your proposed program. How might you want to revise it? What questions do you have?

35. UMTRI 35 We wish you powerful programs, rewarding results, and safer teen drivers! Thank you