1. Government Engineering college , Palanpur
HydrographY
Enrollment no .
Government Engineering college , Palanpur

2. What is Hydrography?
Surveying Puget Sound, 1927

3. What is Hydrography?
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Definition:
Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defense, scientific research, and environmental protection. (14 September 2011,

4. Three Aspects
Coastal Hydrography is concerned with the development of ports and harbors, coastal erosion problems, the utilization of harbor and coastal conservation services and, especially, the safety of navigation in coastal waters.
Off-shore Hydrography is concerned with
The provision of hydrographic data as an extension of the coastal zone normally encompassing the continental shelf
The development of mineral deposits, including hydrocarbons
Provision of data for fisheries management
Oceanic Hydrography is concerned with the acquisition of hydrographic data in the deep ocean areas for the depiction of sea-floor geomorphology.
Broken up into three areas because of
(USM and UNB Intro to Hydrography, GGE1001)

5. Why Hydrography is Important
71% of the Earth surface is covered with water, yet only about 10% of the seafloor has been surveyed by echo sounders at a resolution of 1 minute or better. –IHO, 2011

6. NOAA’s Charting Responsibility
3.4 Million Square Nautical Miles

7. Critical Areas and Priorities
NOAA Maintains approximately 1,000 nautical charts encompassing U.S. Territorial waters and the EEZ
Nearly 50% of all soundings on current charts were acquired utilizing leadlines prior to 1940
These areas are prioritized into categories:
Critical Areas;
Emerging Critical Areas
Resurvey Areas
Priority Areas
Divided into Priorities from 1 to 5
Leadline Sounding Operations
C&GS, 1928
NOAA Hydrographic Survey Priorities, 2011

8. Critical Areas and Priorities
Prioritized by the following factors:
Shipping Tonnage and Trends
Vintage of Surveys in the Area (Year, Equipment, Process)
Under-keel Clearance of Vessels
Potential for Unknown Dangers to Navigation due to dynamic bottom or human influence
Requests for surveys from Pilot’s Associations, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the Marine Community through NOAA’s Regional Navigation Managers
NOAA Hydrographic Survey Priorities, 2011

9. Critical Areas and Priorities
Of the 43,000 SNM identified as Critical in 1994, only 14,980 SNM remains
Nationally, 36,545 SNM of modern, Full Bottom Coverage completed since 1994
NOAA, through ships and contractors, survey approximately 1,300 – 1,600 SNM per year with existing resources and funding levels
NOAA Hydrographic Survey Priorities, 2011

10. Who is Responsible

11. Bigger, Taller, Longer Ships
Why do we survey?
Bigger, Taller, Longer Ships
Emma Mærsk
Length: 1,302 ft
Beam: 184 ft
Draught: 51 ft
This is the 7000 TEU class now calling.

12. Hydro & Homeland Security
The Oceanographer of the Navy requested NOAA to provide side scan sonar imagery of shipping channels and harbors to the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO)
NOAA collected data at 34 strategic commercial ports
NAVO collected data at 14 military ports
NAVO processes and stores data
This data is used as a baseline for comparison
Klein 5000
Side Scan Sonar
Detailed Side Scan Sonar Imagery

13. Hydro & Homeland Security
If a threat condition occurred, the Navy will use the baseline data of pre-existing objects so they can search for new objects, utilizing mine counter-measure assets more effectively to determine if a mine has been placed on the seafloor.

14. Bottom Coverage by Survey Method
Leadline
Single Beam
Multi Beam
Pre
Present

15. Shallow Water Multibeam
Direct measurement of Depth
Multibeam sonar systems are rigidly attached to the survey vessel
Less swath width than Side-Scan
Project: OPR-O190-RA-11

16. Side-Scan Image of USS Monitor
Side-Scan Sonar
Underwater Imagery
Although depths can be correlated, not a direct measurement
Used to look for features
Features will be surveyed with Multibeam
Side-Scan “Towfish” are towed behind the survey vessel
Very wide coverage swath
Side-Scan Image of USS Monitor

17. Hydro Types
Side Scan Sonar
Ship’s Multibeam

18. NOAA Hydrographic Fleet
Thomas Jefferson
Norfolk, VA 1992
Rainier
Newport, OR 1968
Navigation Response Teams (NRT’s)
Six Teams, Nationwide
R/V Bay Hydro II
Solomons, MD
Fairweather
Ketchikan, AK 1968 / 2004

19. Other Hydro-Capable NOAA Vessels
Nancy Foster
Henry Bigelow
Gloria Michelle
Ronald Brown
Hi’ialaki
Pisces
Add the Explorer
Okeanos Explorer
Bell M. Shimada
Oscar Dyson

20. NOAA’s Navigation Services: Nautical Charting
Nautical Charts
1,000 Paper Charts
998 Print-on-Demand
380 Electronic Navigation Charts (ENCs)
Coast Pilot
Nine Volumes encompassing U.S coastal and intracoastal waters
Notice to Mariners
Provides Updates for all charts and Coast Pilots
[Need help with good statement(s) that wraps it all together]
What’s New:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) releases new Chart Corrections website:
NOS Office of Coast Survey released a new website in June enabling mariners to call up a nautical chart by number or location and access all of the Notice to Mariners corrections since the latest chart edition was printed. This database includes Coast Guard, NIMA and Army Corps of Engineers data, as well as yet-unpublished NOAA updates. The site provides advance notification on chart updates affecting hazards to navigation and other information considered essential for safe navigation, e.g. channel conditions, bridge and cable clearances, and regulatory changes that NOAA has identified and forwarded for publication by both the Coast Guard and NIMA. These compiled corrections will save mariners time in perusing archived Notice to Mariners publications in order to properly update their charts.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) works internationally to build mapping and charting capacity:
In 2003, NOS Office of Coast Survey was very active in International Hydrographic Organization efforts to help build regional capacity for hydrographic surveying and nautical chart production. Currently the U.S. is working on developing a pilot project for safety of marine navigation in the Gulf of Honduras with the MesoAmerican-Caribbean Sea Hydrographic Commission. The U.S. and Mexico also met this year to differences in datums between the U.S. and Mexico, and a number of areas of possible collaboration and personnel exchanges.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Offers New Custom Charts with Print-on-Demand:
NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey Print-on-Demand capability now allows for the customization of nautical charts. In response to requests by professional mariners and recreational boaters, NOAA now offers an option to remove the LORAN-C grid lines from approximately 260 charts. LORAN-C is an older method of determining a ship’s position, but is no longer the preferred method of navigating due to accurate Global Positioning System data. Removing the grid lines enhances safety by permitting the mariner to see the remaining chart features more clearly.

21. NOAA’s Navigation Services: Navigation Response Teams (NRT’s)
Small teams located around the country
NRT-1; Gulf of Mexico
NRT-2; Southeast
NRT-3; Northwest
NRT-4; Great Lakes
NRT-5; Northeast
NRT-6; Southwest
Highly mobile units providing site surveys and rapid disaster response
The Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (C-COM)/ Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC) is a recently established University of New Hampshire program aimed at creating a national center for expertise in ocean mapping and hydrographic sciences. Guided by a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the JHC operates in partnership with NOAA's National Ocean Service.
NOAA Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC®) support all types of marine navigation by providing the official database for electronic charting systems (ECS), including the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). NOAA ENC®s support real-time navigation as well as the collision and grounding avoidance needs of the mariner, and accommodate a real-time tide and current display capability that is essential for large vessel navigation. NOAA ENC®s also provide fully integrated vector base maps for use in geographic information systems (GIS) that are used for coastal management or other purposes. The NOAA ENC®s are in the International Hydrographic Office (IHO) S-57 international exchange
format and comply with the IHO ENC Product Specification.
In response to user needs, NOAA's Office of Coast Survey now offers Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW). The GIWW is an integral part of the total inland transportation system of the United States, stretching along more than 1,300 coastal miles of the Gulf of Mexico. High accuracy ENCs support safe navigation through this shallow-draft canal, which moves a great number of vessels and a large variety of cargo. ENCs for the entire GIWW stretch from New Orleans to Galveston, TX.
Navigation Response Teams perform hydrographic Side Scan Sonar surveys for updating U.S. Government Navigational Charts. The field teams conduct hazardous obstructions surveys utilizing diving operations, electronic navigation capture, data collection and mapping support capabilities thought out the Atlantic Seaboard, Pacific Coast, Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. The field unit operates in a 365 day a year environment to support NOAA's mission of promoting safe marine navigation. This provides highly accurate and detailed survey data to facilitate production and distribution of marine navigational charts and supplemental aids.
-Rapid emergency response to critical situations:
- port or waterway closings due to natural or man-made disasters
- location of known (planes?) or unknown (finding something new) obstructions for retrieval or removal
- Navy carrier/battle groups deploying or returning home need to know they can get in

22. Products for Safe Navigation
National Spatial
Reference System
Nautical Charts
Real Time Tides and Currents
Hydrographic Surveys
NOAA’s direct statutory authority to conduct the navigation services programs is derived from the Coast & Geodetic Survey Act of 1947, as clarified through the Hydrographic Services Improvement Act of 1998, and amended in 2002.
Research and Development
Models and New Technologies

23. The End