1. INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels INTERA case study: phthalates Katleen De Brouwere, VITO

2. INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels What are phthalates ? Group of phthalic acid diesters : Selection of 4 phthalates in CS: ‘ di-isononyl’ phthalate (DINP) ‘ di-isodecyl’ phthalate (DIDP) Bis (2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Benzylbutyl phthalate (BBzP) HMW phthalates LMW phthalates

3. Some facts & figures Phthalates mainly as used as plasticizers (substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity). no covalent bond between the phthalates and plastics in which they are mixed  easily released to the environment man-made chemicals, ubiquitious present in the environment (air, water, soil, dust, food, …) and biological matrices Restrictions on use in toys and food contact materials in EU INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels

4. Some facts and figures INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels Share on phthalates sale in EU (ECPI, 2010) further decrease? On REACH Candidate list

5. Step 1: Health outcomes? systemic health effectslocal health effects (inhalation) phthal Threshold value systemic ref Health effect – local effects ? Threshold value local effect DEHP Reproductive & develop. effects 50 µg/kg bw/day (20 µg/kg bw/day)* (25 µg/kg bw/day)** (CSTEE, 1998;ECB, 2008;EFSA, 2005a) increased asthma risk in children ? (Bornehag et al., 2004)) BBzP Developmental effects 850 /200 µg/kg bw/day (CSTEE, 1998;ECB, 2007;Wormuth et al., 2006) increased incidence of rhinitis and eczema of children ? (Bornehag et al., 2004)) DINPDevelop & reprod.150 µg/kg bw/day(CSTEE, 1998;EFSA, 2005c)? DIDPDevelop & reprod. 250/150 µg/kg bw/day (CSTEE, 1998;EFSA, 2005b;Wormuth et al., 2006) ? INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels *Newborns (0-3 months) and women in childbearing age ** for infants (3-12 months)

6. Step 2: main sources of emission (products) in residential settings INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels

7. Step 3: exposure modelling – selection of relevant scenario’s, sources & pathways INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels oral exposure mouthing (toys)dust ingestionPCP ingestion infantsXXX toddlersXXX childrenXXX adults XX dermal exposureinhalation exposure products with frequent & long lasting contact (dust, textile,toys) products infrequent & short time contactair (indoor/outdoor) infantsX (dust, toys, textile) X toddlersX (dust, toys, textile) X childrenX (dust, toys, textile) X adultsX (dust,textile, other materials)X (gloves, adhesives,..)X

8. Step 3A: emission – indoor air modelling INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels Phthalate containing products Phthalate emissions from these products Quantity use of these products in dwellings in EU

9. Step 3A: emission – indoor air modelling INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels Phthalate emissions from these products emissions from (few) tested materials (vinyl flooring)  extrapolation to other brands/materials? ‘ classical’ emission tests & protocols : designed for VOCs, not fully applicable for SVOCs SVOCs: slower release (beyond 28 d test period) + strong sorption on PM

10. Step 3A: emission – indoor air modelling INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels Phthalate emissions from these products –Emission tests performed under controlled test chamber conditions in absence of PM –Emission rates (test chambers, absence PM)  modelled concentration << real indoor environment concentration ( sorption on PM !!!) Case study – modelling platform development interaction :  inclusion of semi-mechanistic model interaction : SVOC in gaseous phase  ambient PM phase  settled dust

11. Step 3A: alternative - indoor air: measured concentrations INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels CONCENTRATIONS IN INDOOR AIR (HOMES +OTHER) concentrations in indoor air; residential environment DEHPGermany, appartment126ng/m³ DIDPBelgium, range of indoor settings20ng/m³ DINPBelgium, range of indoor settings37ng/m³ BBzPGermany, appartment19ng/m³ concentrations in other indoor locations ( schools, kindergartens, offices) DEHPDenmark, school195ng/m³ DEHPDenmark, daycare605ng/m³ DEHPDenmark, office300ng/m³ CONCENTRATIONS IN OUTDOOR AIR DEHP 2,8ng/m³ DIDP 0ng/m³ DINP 0ng/m³ BBzP 0ng/m³

12. Step 3B: dermal exposure 1.Dermal contact with instantenous applications (PCP) 2.Dermal contact with toys, gloves, other materials:  inventory of release factors, absorption factor; contact time, contact area for each product and exposed group INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels

13. Step 3C: oral exposure 1.Ingestion of dust Inventory of phthalates in settled dust in EU + ingestion rates per population group 2.Ingestion of PCP 3.Children - mouthing – toys INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels

14. Step 4: exposure modelling Assessments – for EU ‘typical’ scenario –Variability in exposure across EU (to be done) INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels

15. Step 5: internal dose modelling INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels External dose oral External dose inhalation External dose dermal Internal dose oral Internal dose inhalation Internal dose dermal Oral uptake factor Inhalation uptake factor dermal uptake factor Aggregate dose

16. Step 7 : exposure predictions INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels Aggregated dose (internal exposure) µg/kg bw/day

17. Step 7 : exposure predictions INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels sources & pathways - infants (0-1 year) DEHP DINP

18. To be done… Probabilistic assessment – distribution further testing computational and visualization tools developed within the INTERA project Validation: –Biomonitoring data (Wittasek, 2011; Adibi, 2008) INTERA Stakeholder Workshop 18 th of November 2011 Brussels