1. 4 Basic Sentence structures
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-complex

2. First, phrases and clauses
Phrase = lacks either a subject or a verb or both
Ex: prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, verbal phrase, etc.
Clause = contains both a subject and a verb
Main/indep clause= can stand alone as a sentence
Subordinate/dependent clause=begins with a subordinating word; clause cannot stand alone

3. 4 Basic Sentence Structures
Each sentence gives different emphasis to the main idea(s) and to supporting information in a sentence.
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-complex

4. Simple: 1 Independent clause Compound: 2+ Independent clauses
Complex: Indep Dependent
Compound-complex: 2+ Indep + 1+ Dep.

5. Simple sentence 1 Independent clause
Ex: Last summer was unusually hot.
Even if the sentence contains a compound subject or a compound verb, it is still a simple sentence.
Ex: Mr. Bartos and I cannot settle our dispute.
The artist lives and works in the same town.

6. Compound sentence 2+ Independent clauses
Ex: Last July was hot, but August was even hotter.
How can I create a compound sentence?
Link main clauses with a comma and coordinating conjunction [FANBOYS]
Link main clauses with a semi-colon = ;
Relate main clauses with a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb (followed by a comma)

7. Compound sentence= 2+ Ind
Coordinating Conjunctions=FANBOYS
For
And
Nor
But Or
Yet So
Don’t forget: a comma precedes the coordinating conjunction

8. Compound sentence= 2+ Ind
Semi-colon
Ex: The side effects are not minor; some leave the patient quite ill.
Conjunctive adverbs (p. 252)
main clause ; conj adv, main clause
Commonly used conjunctive adverbs:
however, nevertheless, consequently, moreover,
Ex: The increased time devoted to watching television is not the only cause of lower literacy rates; however, it is one of the important causes.

9. 1 Independent + 1+ Dependent clauses
Complex sentence
1 Independent + 1+ Dependent clauses
In a complex sentence, one idea is subordinated or less important than the other.
Ex: Rain finally came, although many had left the area by then.

10. 1 Independent + 1+ Dependent clauses
Complex sentence
1 Independent + 1+ Dependent clauses
How can I create subordinate clause?
Subordinate conjunction
Relative pronoun (used as an adjective or noun clause) , acts like the subject in the clause
Common subordinate conjunctions: because, although, when, while, as, if, see list in grammar book

11. Compound-complex sentence
2+ Independent + 1+ Dependent clauses
Ex: Even though government aid finally came, many people had already been reduced to poverty, and others had been forced to move.

12. When to use these sentences structures?
Simple: Use a simple sentence to focus on a single idea, describe a series of actions, or create a quick, even choppy rhythm.
Compound: Use a compound sentence to connect similar or contrasting ideas of equal importance or to create a more fluid rhythm.
Complex: Add subordinate clauses when you want to add details, build momentum, or show relationships between ideas.