1. (c) 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent

2. Parenting Issues for Couples What effect will pregnancy have on us as individuals/collectively What effect will pregnancy have on us as individuals/collectively Why do we want to have a child? Why do we want to have a child? What effect will the child have on the images we have constructed as adults? What effect will the child have on the images we have constructed as adults? Can we afford a child? Can we afford a child? What will be the responsibilities related to raising a child be divided? What will be the responsibilities related to raising a child be divided? How will the child affect our professional career? How will the child affect our professional career? How will be rear the child with regards to religion, discipline, activities, etc. How will be rear the child with regards to religion, discipline, activities, etc. Are we ready to part with much of the freedom associated with early adults? Are we ready to part with much of the freedom associated with early adults? What plans have we made if, by chance, the infant has a serious birth defect? What plans have we made if, by chance, the infant has a serious birth defect? Are we capable of handling extra responsibilities if the child is disabled? Are we capable of handling extra responsibilities if the child is disabled?

3. Human Cloning Procedures involve the following: Procedures involve the following: Surgical removal of an egg from female donor Surgical removal of an egg from female donor Nucleus of the egg is removed Nucleus of the egg is removed Cell is taken from a cloning subject (male/female) Cell is taken from a cloning subject (male/female) Through an electrical jolt, the cell is fused with the enucleated egg, creating a clonal zygote Through an electrical jolt, the cell is fused with the enucleated egg, creating a clonal zygote Embryo is implanted in the womb of a surrogate mother Embryo is implanted in the womb of a surrogate mother After 9 months, a genetically matched reproduction is born After 9 months, a genetically matched reproduction is born

4. Becoming a Parent through a Stepfamily The Stepfamily Association of America recommends the following: The Stepfamily Association of America recommends the following: Nurture and enrich the couple relationship Nurture and enrich the couple relationship Reveal and understand emotions Reveal and understand emotions Have realistic expectations Have realistic expectations Develop new roles Develop new roles Seek support and see the positive Seek support and see the positive

5. Understand Obstacles to Fertilization (Conception) Acid level in the vagina Acid level in the vagina Cervical mucus thickness Cervical mucus thickness Location of cervical entrance for sperm Location of cervical entrance for sperm Locating the correct fallopian tube for sperm Locating the correct fallopian tube for sperm Distance sperm travels Distance sperm travels Motility of sperm Motility of sperm

6. Identify Aids to Fertilization 200-500 million sperm cells are deposited into the vagina 200-500 million sperm cells are deposited into the vagina The cervical opening is available for sperm The cervical opening is available for sperm Cowper’s Gland neutralizes acidic environment for sperm Cowper’s Gland neutralizes acidic environment for sperm Uterine contractions can cause sperm to move in the proper direction Uterine contractions can cause sperm to move in the proper direction

7. Identify Aids to Fertilization, cont’d Sperm can travel 1 inch/hour Sperm can travel 1 inch/hour Sperm can live for days inside the fallopian tubes (approx. 48-72 hours) Sperm can live for days inside the fallopian tubes (approx. 48-72 hours)

8. Signs of Pregnancy (Presumptive) Missed menstrual period after sexual intercourse the previous month Missed menstrual period after sexual intercourse the previous month Morning sickness Morning sickness Increase in size/tenderness of breasts Increase in size/tenderness of breasts Darkening of the areolar tissue (around the nipple) Darkening of the areolar tissue (around the nipple)

9. Signs of Pregnancy (Probable) Increased frequency of urination Increased frequency of urination Increased in the size of the abdomen Increased in the size of the abdomen Cervix becomes softer by the sixth week Cervix becomes softer by the sixth week Positive pregnancy test (see Star Box) Positive pregnancy test (see Star Box)

10. Signs of Pregnancy (Positive) Determination of a fetal heart beat Determination of a fetal heart beat Feeling of the fetus moving (quickening) Feeling of the fetus moving (quickening) Observations of the fetus by ultrasound or optical viewers Observations of the fetus by ultrasound or optical viewers

11. Agents that Can Damage a Fetus Rubella/herpes virus Rubella/herpes virus Tobacco smoke Tobacco smoke Alcohol Alcohol Certain OTC drugs Certain OTC drugs Radiation Radiation Accutane (acne drug) Accutane (acne drug)

12. Intrauterine Development 3 trimesters (3 months/period) 3 trimesters (3 months/period) First trimester – zygote embryo fetus by 8 th week; rapid cellular growth First trimester – zygote embryo fetus by 8 th week; rapid cellular growth Second trimester – organs develop, fetal heartbeat, bone structure evident (fetus), prominent weight gain in the mother Second trimester – organs develop, fetal heartbeat, bone structure evident (fetus), prominent weight gain in the mother Third trimester – fetus weights 2-3 lbs., absorption of major nutrients allowing increased growth and weight Third trimester – fetus weights 2-3 lbs., absorption of major nutrients allowing increased growth and weight

13. 3 Stages of Labor 1. Effacement/Dilation of the cervix: cervix opens to 10cm during this stage 2. Delivery of the fetus: “crowning” of the fetus 3. Delivery of the placenta: within 30 minutes afterbirth is expelled

14. Cesarean Deliveries (C-section) Fetus is removed from the uterus through the abdominal wall due to the following factors: Fetus is removed from the uterus through the abdominal wall due to the following factors: Fetus is improperly positioned Fetus is improperly positioned Mother’s pelvis is too small Mother’s pelvis is too small Fetus is especially large Fetus is especially large Fetus shows signs of distress Fetus shows signs of distress Umbilical cord is compressed Umbilical cord is compressed Placenta is being delivered before the fetus Placenta is being delivered before the fetus Mother’s health is at risk Mother’s health is at risk

15. Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth Ectopic pregnancy – implantation in the fallopian tube Ectopic pregnancy – implantation in the fallopian tube Miscarriage – usually due to abnormalities in the first few weeks Miscarriage – usually due to abnormalities in the first few weeks Gestational diabetes – temporary condition of the mother’s body not producing enough insulin Gestational diabetes – temporary condition of the mother’s body not producing enough insulin Hyperemesis gravidarum – excessive vomiting Hyperemesis gravidarum – excessive vomiting Preeclampsia – blood pressure becomes elevated and could be life threatening Preeclampsia – blood pressure becomes elevated and could be life threatening

16. Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth, cont. Eclampsia - final stage of preeclampsia which could result in convulsions and a coma Eclampsia - final stage of preeclampsia which could result in convulsions and a coma Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) – insufficient growth of the fetus due to genetic factors, maternal disease, or malnutrition Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) – insufficient growth of the fetus due to genetic factors, maternal disease, or malnutrition Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) – rupture of the chorionic membranes ”breaking of the water” which can cause risks of infection Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) – rupture of the chorionic membranes ”breaking of the water” which can cause risks of infection Premature labor – labor that begins before term Premature labor – labor that begins before term Fetal distress – fetal problems such as a lack of oxygen caused by a variety of factors Fetal distress – fetal problems such as a lack of oxygen caused by a variety of factors

17. Causes of Infertility Low sperm count Low sperm count Poor sperm motility Poor sperm motility Sperm abnormalities Sperm abnormalities Lack of ovulation Lack of ovulation Obstruction of fallopian tubes Obstruction of fallopian tubes

18. Enhancing Fertility Cold packs on the scrotum (men) Cold packs on the scrotum (men) Boxer shorts vs. briefs (men) Boxer shorts vs. briefs (men) Increase intercourse frequency Increase intercourse frequency Artificial insemination Artificial insemination Surgical procedures (i.e., embryo transfer) Surgical procedures (i.e., embryo transfer) Surrogate parenting Surrogate parenting

19. Options for Infertile Couples Adoption Adoption Foster Parenting Foster Parenting

20. (c) 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent