1. A review of the thermal performance of Electric Vehicles Aisling Doyle BEng MSc Student Researcher Edinburgh Napier University Supervisors: Prof. Tariq Muneer & Prof. Ian Smith

2. Cumulative Electric vehicle registrations in the UK

3. Electric vehicle registration in the UK

5. Provisional Results Various drive cycles were recorded during the winter months in Edinburgh. Large temperature difference between outdoor ambient temperature and inside cabin passenger comfort temperature (24°C) results in large energy usage, up to 40% of energy is used to heat the cabin space for a particular drive cycle.

6. Temperature Analysis Thermal comfort in Edinburgh lies between 18°C to 26°C according to ASHRAE Standard 55 A Temperature analysis over a 5 year period illustrates that in Edinburgh 96% of the time temperature is below 18°C.

7. Building a Model to Predict Temperature Solar Radiation Ambient Outdoor Temperature Heat applied by inbuilt heat pump/external heaters or heat removed by extractor fans Heat exchange through vehicle fabric (Losses)

8. Measuring Global Solar Radiation

9. Considering Solar Radiation to heat the Electric Vehicle Previous studies have not evaluated the value of utilizing and optimizing solar radiation to heat the vehicle even during winter months. This model will predict how much energy will need to be used to heat the vehicle considering outside temperature and solar radiation available to heat the vehicle. Natural Heating of the EV

10. Thermal Performance Model This study presents a mathematical model to predict indoor cabin temperature. By using the thermal model inside cabin temperature was predicted.;

11. Thermal Performance Model The model is validated with experimental measurements. From this model energy usage for heating/cooling can then be calculated.

12. What can I do about it?

16. Conclusion 96% of the time in Edinburgh vehicle indoor cabin heating is required. Significant quantity of energy, up to 40%, is used to heat an electric vehicle during winter months. Electric vehicles cannot avail of ‘waste energy’ to heat vehicle cabin space like the conventional internal combustion engine. Electric propulsion vehicles need to source energy to heat and cool cabin space as well as traction energy. This source of energy could be through solar means. A thermal model will predict how much energy is used to heat and cool the vehicle per trip.

17. Conclusion The present study will optimise the current heating/cooling system to reduce thermal loading on the existing battery and therefore extended the vehicle range. The study will include a mathematical model to predict indoor cabin temperature validated by experimental measurements.

18. Thank You