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2. Objectives Describe the features and performance characteristics of server- class hard disks and solid state drives Describe features of the SCSI interface and know how to configure devices correctly Describe features of the SATA and SAS interfaces and know how to configure devices correctly 1.2 Storage Devices 15

3. Persistent storage – can preserve data without power source Application installation and data files Shared disk resource Interfaces - SCSI / SAS / SATA Drive form factors o 3.5” o 2.5” o 5.25” o Height – half height or low profile Mass Storage Devices 1.2 Storage Devices 15

4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Platters, tracks, sectors, and cylinders Advanced Format / 4K Revolutions per Minute (rpm) o 15,000 o 10,000 o 7200 / 5400 Access time (milliseconds / ms) o Seek time o Rotational latency Internal transfer rate External transfer rate Capacity (Gigabytes / GB) or Terabytes (TB) 1.2 Storage Devices 15

5. Enclosure / Backplane 1.2 Storage Devices 17

6. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Parallel SCSI o SCSI-1 o SCSI-2 − Fast / wide SCSI − Active termination o SCSI-3 − UltraSCSI − Firewire − Fiber Channel / iSCSI − SAS SCSI 1.2 Storage Devices 18

7. Parallel SCSI Configuration HBA (Host Bus Adapter) Signaling o Low Voltage Differential (LVD) o Single Ended (SE) o High Voltage Differential (HVD) Termination IDs and LUN (Logical Unit Number) Drivers / config utility 1.2 Storage Devices 19

8. IDC50 - a 50-pin internal connector used with early SCSI devices (SCSI-1) CN50 - a 50-pin Centronics-style connector used for external connections in early SCSI devices DB25 - a 25-pin connector used primarily by Apple and Iomega (Zip drives) HD68 - 68-pin connectors used for internal and external ports. 68-pin adapters support Wide SCSI Single Connector Attachment (SCA) - an 80-pin connector that incorporates both a power connector and configuration wires, allowing for hot swappable drives Parallel SCSI Connectors 1.2 Storage Devices 20

9. SAS Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Dominates enterprise server market 3, 6, or 12 Gbps Bus can host SATA devices Configuration o Dual port (redundancy) o Single- versus multi-lane 1.2 Storage Devices 20

10. SFF 8087 - internal mini connector for both adapter card ("host") and 4 drive or backplane ports ("target") SFF 8088 - external mini connector for both adapter card and drive enclosures SFF 8484 ("Multilane") - legacy 32-pin internal or external HD connector (host) supporting four 7-pin lanes (target). The remaining pins are used for "sideband" signals (LEDs and status monitoring) SFF 8470 ("Infiniband") - legacy jackscrew connector for both internal and external use SFF 8482 - internal connector compatible with both SAS and SATA drives. This type of connector would be used principally to attach SATA devices (such as DVD drives) to an SAS bus SAS Connectors 1.2 Storage Devices 22

11. SATA Serial ATA (SATA) Desktop market / cheaper servers 1.5 / 3 / 6 Gbps eSATA SATA and SAS 1.2 Storage Devices 22

12. Solid State Drive (SSD) Drive using flash memory for solid state storage o Single Level Cell (SLC o Multi-Level Cell (MLC) / Enterprise MLC (eMLC) SSD interfaces o SATA o PCIe (PCI Express) o SATAe (SATA Express) o Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) versus Non- Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface Specification (NVMHCI) / NVM Express (NVMe) 1.2 Storage Devices 23 HP SSD with SATA interface (Image © 2014 Hewlett- Packard Development Company)

13. Use profile o Reads versus writes o Sequential versus random I/O Input / Output Operations per Second (IOPS) Wear leveling SSD Performance 1.2 Storage Devices 25

14. Review Describe the features and performance characteristics of server-class hard disks and solid state drives Describe features of the SCSI interface and know how to configure devices correctly Describe features of the SATA and SAS interfaces and know how to configure devices correctly 1.2 Storage Devices 26