1. SESSION 3 Tuesday 10.00 – 10.45 Writing the Business Case

2. Aims of the PPP Business Case To support and justify the case for investment To enable Ministers to decide if the project should proceed as planned To provide a realistic assessment of what is possible, not a list of impractical assumptions and proposals To allow Ministers to decide whether PPP is a better than method than conventional procurement

3. Aims of the PPP Business Case (cont.) To show that project proposals meet wider strategic and business aims To show why a particular project has been given priority over other possible alternatives To identify the statutory powers on which it is relying for the procurement of a particular service or facility

4. Contents of the PPP Business Case Summary An explanation of the Ministry’s business need for the scheme in line with the aims of the business case supported by: ▫ A clear definition of the service objectives and the outputs – how the project aligns with the National and Sector Plan ▫ Results of an appraisal of alternative options/scenarios ▫ Indicative costs of the preferred scenario and an initial assessment of value for money and affordability

5. Contents of the PPP Business Case Summary An explanation of the Ministry’s business need for the scheme in line with the aims of the business case supported by: ▫ A project management plan for project execution ▫ An analysis of the risks and benefits associated with the project scenarios ▫ The cost of the proposed solution ▫ Implementation strategy ▫ Review and approval

6. Contents (1) Strategic Alignment Project should align with the business plan goals for the Ministry Is the project critical to achieving high impact goals? Identify support for the PPP approach from all stakeholders

7. Contents (2) Service Objectives/Outputs Objectives must be developed in terms of the outputs which the project is required to deliver Objectives must be clear Outputs must be able to be measured against performance related criteria

8. Contents (3) Appraising various options/scenarios Find the solution that delivers best value for money All sensible options should be considered A short list of potential options/scenarios should be identified

9. Contents (3) Appraising various options/scenarios Rank the options according to their costs and against a range of evaluation criteria Include a ‘base case’ or a “Do Nothing/Do Minimum” option to ensure the impact of change can be properly assessed Benefits and drawbacks of main options must be clearly identified

10. Contents (4) Indicative Costs of the Preferred Scenario Consider the costs and compare the financial merits of different solutions Estimate cost implications of the short-listed options over the project life cycle Costs covered by an appraisal should include ▫ Capital Costs ▫ Running Costs ▫ A valuation of the key Project Risks Costs should be allocated to the project year in which they are expected to occur and discounted to a present value using a relevant discount rate

11. Contents (4) Indicative Costs of the Preferred Scenario The purpose of discounting is to bring future cash flows to a present day value The selection of a discount rate for the NPV calculations needs care The price level and treatment of costs should be consistent across all options

12. Contents (4) Preliminary Assessment of Value for Money Value for money must be demonstrated to Ministers for any proposed expenditure The preferred approach must be the most cost effective of the options available The PPP procurement route must be shown to offer the opportunity for better value for money than the public sector comparator

13. Contents (4) Preliminary Assessment of Value for Money The calculation of an indicative PPP cost is typically done in one of two ways ▫ Identifying the likely level of annual charge, normally through discussion with a potential partner ▫ Converting the cost profile of the public sector comparator to take account of private sector assumptions

14. Contents (4) Affordability Unless the project is financially free standing, there will be a cost to the Ministry of a PPP project An assessment of this cost must be made as early in the process as possible so that Ministers can approve the procurement

15. Contents (5) Project Management Plan The PPP Business Case should include a draft Project Management Plan The Project Management Plan should include ▫ Outline project timetable or programme ▫ A definition of the roles of the Project Team members including any advisors ▫ An estimate of resources/officer time required at each stage ▫ Plans, procedures and control processes ▫ Cost control and risk management processes

16. Contents (6) Risks and benefits The appraisal of options and scenarios should include a thorough assessment of the allocation of risk The extent of risk for each project option/scenario should be identified, clarified and, where feasible, quantified using a risk matrix

17. Contents (6) Treatment of Specific Risks Costs which have already been incurred or are irrecoverably committed should be ignored in an appraisal Wider economic benefits, such as tax flowbacks to the exchequer should not normally be counted as economic benefits or costs

18. Content (6) Risk Transfer All projects are subject to uncertainty and risk At the PPP Business Case stage three levels of risk must be addressed ▫ Strategic Risk ▫ Project Risk ▫ Sensitivity Analysis

19. Contents (6) Strategic Risk Must be identified as part of the overall analysis of business need This will enable high level threats to be assessed and responses developed

20. Contents (6) Project Risk The Business Case should include a draft catalogue or register of identifiable risks associated with the project Will be developed as the project proceeds to list all the identified project risks Will contain assessments of likely impact and cost consequences and mitigating strategies

21. Contents (6) Project Risk Only broad assessments of likely impact of risks and consequences may be possible Risk assessment needs to be sufficiently detailed to distinguish between options Risk assessment should outline in broad terms the risk management strategies which will need to be developed

22. Contents (6) Project Risk Impact of Risk ($) High indicates that the event will have a significant impact on the project Medium indicates that the event will impact on the project Low indicates that the impact on the project will be relatively minor None indicates that the risk will not impact on the project

23. Contents (6) Project Risk Probability of Risk (%) High indicates that the event is highly likely to occur Medium indicates that the event is likely to occur Low indicates that the event is not likely to occur

24. Contents (6) Project Risk Expected Value ($) is the weighted average of dollar value impacts High ∑High Impact ($) x Probability (%) + P = low High ∑Medium Impact ($) x Probability (%) + P = low High ∑ Low Impact ($) x Low Probability (%) P = low = Expected Value ($)

25. Contents (6) Project Risk Allocation Government – Government retains responsibility for managing the risk. Private Sector – Risk is transferred to the Private Sector. They are responsible for managing the risk. Shared – Government and Private Sector shares responsibility for managing the risk

26. Contents (6) - Project Risk RiskImpact ($)Probability (%)Expected Value ($) Allocation HighMediumLowHighMediumLow PPP Risk 1 / Risk 1 Mitigation Risk 2 / Risk 2 Mitigation Risk 3 / Risk 3 Mitigation Etc. Traditional Risk 1 / Risk 1 Mitigation Risk 2 / Risk 2 Mitigation Risk 3 / Risk 3 Mitigation Etc.

27. Contents (6) Sensitivity Analysis The appraisal of options will be affected by uncertainty, for example projections of future demand for services Such uncertainties should be dealt with through sensitivity analysis I.E. identify main variables and uncertainties, assess potential range of feasible outcomes and build them into the evaluation of options

28. Contents (6) Sensitivity Analysis In this way the impact of uncertainty on the ranking of options may be tested The best option will be the most flexible one which continues to deliver the outputs and gives value for money

29. Contents (6) Sensitivity Analysis Where small variations change the results of the appraisal, the risks are likely to be significant Risk management action should be focused on the most sensitive factors and assumptions Any significant differences in the capacity of the short-listed options to respond to risk should be brought out in the Business Case

30. Contents (6) Sensitivity Analysis Description of assumption to be changed Base CaseAssumption Change A (e.g. debt/equity ratio) Assumption Change B (e.g. debt/equity ratio) VFM%VFMVFM%VFMVFM%VFM Assumption Change 1 (e.g. credit spread) Assumption change 2 …. Etc.

31. Contents (6) Benefits It may also be relevant to introduce social costs and benefits Wherever possible, benefits should be quantified, valued in monetary terms and included in the appraisal as a cost saving

32. Contents (6) Benefits Benefits that cannot be measured and valued may be included by using weighting and scoring techniques The scoring and weighting exercise should be as objective as possible to eliminate bias

33. Contents (7) The costs of the proposed solution Capital costs Capital costs include land and property, new construction, upgrading, adaptation or refurbishment of existing facilities and assets and major equipment purchases Where land has to be acquired for a project option its market value/purchase price including fees should be included in the appraisal

34. Contents (7) The costs of the proposed solution Capital costs The cost of land and property should be included in cash flows when purchase is expected The costs of any new construction, including site preparation and infrastructure, should be included in the appraisal

35. Contents (7) The costs of the proposed solution Running costs Running costs will be a significant cost component over the whole life of the project The appraisal should show running cost elements to highlight the differences between options/scenarios and the proposed solution

36. Contents (7) Summary cost/benefit template Summary of Quantitative Cost/Benefit Public Sector ComparatorPPP Solution Capital Items Annual Items Leases Programme Building operations Cyclical items Receipts Residual value Total NPV over 25 years

37. Contents (7) Template for each option Quantitative Analysis – Option 1 Year 0Year 1………….Year 25 Capital Items: Annual Operating Items: Cyclical Items: Receipts: Residual Value: Net Cost (Revenue) Net Present Value (X%)

38. Contents (6 & 7) Qualitative Analysis - Benefits Improved service quality Increased innovation  more effective and/or efficient delivery of service Additional social and/or economic benefit Risk transfer as a benefit

39. Contents (6 & 7) Qualitative Analysis - Costs Loss of control or accountability Changes associated with partnering Loss of in-house expertise Risk transfer as a liability

40. Contents (8) Implementation Strategy Major project phases High-level work plan, deliverables and target dates for completion Costs required to carry out the plan Personnel (departments, roles, competencies) required

41. Contents (8) Implementation Strategy Outside resources required (advisers, consultants, etc) Proposed implementation project structure Implementation and monitoring of risk mitigation strategies Post-implementation review approach

42. Contents (9) Review and Approval Who will review the business case? What is the approval process and who is involved? Business case should be signed and dated by the approving person(s) If applicable, approval conditions should be identified If not approved, reason(s) should be documented