1. Aim #58: How did the US mobilize for war? Do now! Read excerpt from Wilson’s speech asking for a declaration of war and the excerpt from the Schenck case

2. (I) What events led to Wilson’s declaration of war? a.Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany b.Zimmerman telegram c.Make “world safe for democracy” (what Wilson said in war message) (II) How did Wilson mobilize the American economy? a.“total war”: all aspects of American society revolve around war b. Selective Service Act (aka as conscription/draft) c. War Industries Board: set production priorities (what needed to be produced) d. National War Labor Board: Maintained production by arbitrating disputes between labor and employees e. Food Administration: encouraged Americans to eat less meat and bread to provide for Allied forces f. Fuel Administration: efforts to save coal; closed non-essential factories

3. (III) How did the federal government finance the war? a.“Liberty” bonds and income taxes (16 th amendment) (IV) How did the US government attempt to control public opinion? a.Committee on Public Information 1.US propaganda agency headed by George Creel 2. Included films, posters and speakers urging Americans to watch for German spies and “do your bit” for the war effort

4. AMERICAN…

5. … & MORE AMERICAN!

6. b. Espionage Act of 1917 1.Prohibited interference with draft or war effort 2. Eugene V. Debs was convicted under this law and sentenced to 10 years (speech at his party’s convention was critical of US policy in entering the war; later pardoned by President Harding) d.Sedition Act of 1918: prohibited “disloyal” remarks about the US government (about 2,000 people were prosecuted under these acts) e. Schenck v. US (1919): 1.Schenck mailed leaflets discouraging men from fighting in WWI 2.He said law was violation of 1 st amendment 3.Decision: Congress can restrain speech if it poses a “clear and present danger” to public safety f. Where have we seen violation of civil liberties before? 1.Alien and Sedition Acts (1798( 2.Suspension of writ of habeas corpus during Civil War

7. Tinker vs. Des Moines Independent School District Case (1969) Facts: Marybeth Tinker, her brother John and others wore black armbands to school to protest America’s involvement in the Vietnam War as form of symbolic speech. Issue: Does a prohibition against the wearing of armbands in public school, as a form of symbolic protest, violate the students' freedom of speech protections guaranteed by the First Amendment? Decision: 7-2 in favor of Tinker; armbands did not “materially or substantially interfere with the operation of school”

8. V. Social Impact of the War a.“Great Migration”: blacks come north to escape racism (Jim Crow) and for jobs 1.Almost 400,000 served in segregated units during war 2.Race riots in Chicago (1919) over competition for jobs b. Women in WWI a.Took jobs held by men b.Efforts helped increase support for women suffrage (passage of 19 th amendment)