1. IF 7202 -- Cloud Computing for II sem ME ( CSE ) By Dr.B.Chandramouli

2. Syllabus – Unit 1 Technologies for Network-Based System System Models for Distributed and Cloud Computing NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture Cloud Models Characteristics Cloud Services Cloud models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) Public vs Private Cloud Cloud Solutions Cloud ecosystem Service management Computing on demand

3. Introduction to Network Technologies

4. COMMUNICATION ? Communication is the transfer of information from one place to another. The process of communication essentially involves the following three components: – Sender – Receiver – Medium

5. Components of Communication Sender :- – The component from where the information is transferred Receiver :- – The component to which the information is transferred. Medium:- – The component through which the information is transferred.

6. Computer Communication In computer communication the sender and the receiver are both computers and medium is electromagnetic waves, cables or some other physical media.

7. What is Networking ? Networking is a way of communication. The concept of connecting computers together to form computer network. A computer network is a communication system where a group of computers and other devices like printer are connected by cables and other hardware. This concept of connected computers sharing resources called networking.

8. Why Network ? To share – Data Messages – Printers – Hard disks – CD-ROMS – Modems – Other hard disk resources. Advantages of Networking : Networks allow efficient management of resources. Network helps keep information reliable and up-to-date. Networks help speed up data sharing. Transferring files across a network a network is always faster than non network. Services like E-mail allow communication among individuals.

9. Types of Networks L A N (Local Area Network) – If a network is confined to a single location, typically one building or complex, it is called local area network. The maximum distance from one end of a network to another is usually limited. Generally sending and receiving of messages through a physical connection such as a cable. W A N (Wide Area Network) – When the networks is spread over wide areas such as across cites, states or countries. It is called as a wide area network. Communication take place via telephone lines, satellites or physical cable. Best example is live telecast of sports. M A N (Metropolitan Area Network) – In between LAN and WAN is the metropolitan network. This networks that covers entire city, but uses LAN technology. Cable television networks are the examples of MAN s. The MAN s we are interested in carry information in the form of computer signals from one computer to another.

10. Components of networks Server:- – Computers that provide shared resources to network users. Clients:- – Computers that access shared network resources provided by a server. Media:- – The way in which the computers are connected. Resources:- – Files printers and other items to be used by network users

11. CATEGORIES OF NETWORK Server Based Network : – A server is a computer on a network that functions as a server and is not used as client. – A server is optimized to service requests from network clients – Servers perform wide variety of tasks. – Usually large networks have specialized servers for different tasks, e.g. File and print servers:- – Manage user access and use of file and printer resources. Application servers:- – Make the data on the server available to clients. Mail servers:- – Manage electronic messaging between network users. Communication servers:- – Handle data flow and E-mail messages.

12. CATEGORIES OF NETWORK… PEER TO PEER NETWORK : – In this there are no dedicated servers. – All the computers are equal and therefore are termed as peers. – The main advantage of this network is simple in design and maintenance. – It is usually expensive to set up as compared to server-based networks.

13. Topology Topology refers to the arrangement of computers, cables and other components on the network. Networks can be configured in to following basic topologies – Bus – Star – Ring

14. Bus / Star / Ring Bus topology : – This is also known as liner bus. It consists of several computers which are attached to a common cable called trunk line. This is also called as passive topology, in which computers are not responsible for transferring of data. In this failure of one computer does not affect the performance of the network Star topology : – In this computers are connected to a centralized device known as HUB. As each computer is connected to central point, this topology requires great deal of cabling. If the centralized controller fails, the entire network is disabled. Ring topology : – In this computers are connected through a single circle of cable. This is an active topology, as each computer acts like a repeater to boost the signal and sends it on to the next computer. Failure of one computer can affect the entire network.

15. INTERNET & INTRANET INTERNET – Internet is an inter-connection between several computers of different types belonging to various networks all over the globe. It is a networks of network. INTRANET – An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information or operational systems with its employees. Interconnectivity of two or more networks to form a single unit is called intranet. It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network

16. Some terminologies

17. WWW WORLD WIDE WEB : The World Wide Web (commonly abbreviated as the "Web") is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks

18. HYPERTEXT Hypertext is text, displayed on a computer, with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access, usually by a mouse click or key press sequence

19. WEB BROWSER A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. The major web browsers are Windows Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Google Chrome, and Opera.

20. Web Pages A web page or webpage is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a computer screen. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format

21. MULTIMEDIA & APPLICATIONS Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms. Multimedia presentation Foreign language learning. Video games. Special effects in films. Animated advertisements

22. www www is the most popular method of accessing the internet. The main reason of popularity is due to usage of concept called hypertext. Hypertext is the new way of information storage and retrieval. Hypertext documents on the internet called as web pages. These web pages are created by using special language called hypertext markup language (HTML).

23. System model for distributed system

24. Distributed Systems24 Distributed Systems Can think of DS as: – breaking down an application into individual computing agents – distributed over a network – work together on a cooperative task Motivation for DC: – Scalability: can solve larger problems without larger computers – Openness and heterogeneity: applications and data may be difficult to relocate and reconfigure – Fault-tolerance: redundant processing agents for system availability

25. Distributed Systems25 What Is a Distributed System? Ingredients of a Distributed System Network OS Hardware Component-1Component-n … Host-1 Network OS Hardware Component-1Component-m … Host-n Middleware Network OS Component-1Component-n … Host-1 Hardware

26. Distributed Systems26 What Is a Distributed System? Middleware Network OS Component-1Component-n … Host-1 Hardware Middleware Network OS Component-1Component-n … Host-3 Hardware Middleware Network OS Component-1Component-n … Host-n Hardware Middleware Network OS Component-1Component-n … Host-2 Hardware Network

27. Distributed Systems27 What is a Distributed System Distributed System Definition: – A distributed system is a collection of autonomous hosts that are connected through a computer network. – Each host executes components and operates a distribution middleware. – Middleware enables the components to coordinate their activities. – Users perceive the system as a single, integrated computing facility.

28. Distributed Systems28 Why Distributed Systems? Every application is part of your business model – must make them work together! Shipping/ Receiving Inventory Engineering Manufacturing Accounting Payables/ Receivables Sales

29. Distributed Systems29 Why Distributed Systems? Application Integration and Distributed Processing are the same thing – Constructing information-sharing distributed systems from diverse sources: heterogeneous networked physically disparate multi-vendor

30. Distributed Systems30 Why Distributed System? Application Requirements – Functional – Non-Functional Non-functional requirements drive distribution of a system – Scalability – Concurrency – Openness – Heterogeneity – Resource sharing – Fault-tolerance

31. Distributed Systems31 Centralized vs Distributed Systems Centralized Systems – Centralized systems have non-autonomous components – Centralized systems are often build using homogeneous technology – Multiple users share the resources of a centralized system at all times – Centralized systems have a single point of control and of failure Distributed Systems – Distributed systems have autonomous components – Distributed systems may be built using heterogeneous technology – Distributed system components may be used exclusively – Distributed systems are executed in concurrent processes – Distributed systems have multiple points of failure

32. Distributed Systems32 Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Systems Advantages – Shareability – Expandability – Local autonomy – Improved performance – Improved reliability and availability – Potential cost reductions Disadvantages – Network reliance – Complexities – Security – Multiple point of failure

33. Example of distributed system IT Service Architecture of a Swiss Bank – Service architecture consists of heterogeneous new and legacy components – Hardware platforms range from mainframes to NTs – Programming languages including Assembler, Cobol, C, C++, Java, … – Different types of middleware can be used to resolve distribution and heterogeneity

34. Distributed Systems34 Examples of Distributed Systems Customer Information Services Authorization Services ATM Services Trading Services

35. Distributed Systems35 Transparency in Distributed Systems Distributed System Definition: A distributed system is a collection of autonomous hosts that are connected through a computer network and coordinate with each other in such a way that users perceive the system as a single and integrated computing facility. Dimensions of transparency in DS – Access Transparency – Location Transparency – Migration Transparency – Replication Transparency – Concurrency Transparency – Scalability Transparency – Performance Transparency – Failure Transparency

36. Distributed Systems36 Location Transparency Machine 1Machine 2 Caller Proxy Implementor local call remote call

37. Cloud computing ? Cloud computing is using the internet to access someone else's software running on someone else's hardware in someone else's data center.

38. Cloud - Definition A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet.

39. “The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as a "pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient and on- demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction." NIST Cloud Definition April 2009 39

40. A model of computation and data storage based on “pay as you go” access to “unlimited” remote data center capabilities A cloud infrastructure provides a framework to manage scalable, reliable, on-demand access to applications Cloud services provide the “invisible” backend to many of our mobile applications High level of elasticity in consumption Historical roots in today’s Internet apps Search, email, social networks File storage (Live Mesh, Mobile Me, Flicker, …) Basic Cloud Definitions 40

41. 41 Architecture Cloud Service Models Cloud Deployment Models Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing

42. 42 Architecture NIST Visual Model of Cloud Computing Definition

43. 43 Essential Characteristics 1 On-demand self-service. – A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities such as server time and network storage as needed automatically, without requiring human interaction with a service provider.

44. 44 Essential Characteristics 2 Broad network access. – Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs) as well as other traditional or cloudbased software services.

45. 45 Essential Characteristics 3 Resource pooling. – The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi- tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.

46. 46 Essential Characteristics 4 Rapid elasticity. – Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned - in some cases automatically - to quickly scale out; and rapidly released to quickly scale in. – To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.

47. 47 Essential Characteristics 5 Measured service. – Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource usage by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service. – Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported - providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the service.

48. 48 Cloud Service Models Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS) Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS) Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

49. What is Software as a Service? (SaaS) SaaS is a software delivery methodology that provides licensed multi-tenant access to software and its functions remotely as a Web-based service. – Usually billed based on usage – Usually multi tenant environment – Highly scalable architecture

50. 50 Software as a Service (SaaS) The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited userspecific application configuration settings.

51. SaaS providers Google, Microsoft, SalesForce, Yahoo

52. SaaS Examples

53. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) IaaS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an on demand scalable service Usually billed based on usage Usually multi tenant virtualized environment Can be coupled with Managed Services for OS and application support

54. 54 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources. Consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

55. IaaS providers IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), RackSpace Hosting, Microsoft

56. IaaS Examples

57. Platform as a Service (PaaS) PaaS provides all of the facilities required to support the complete life cycle of building and delivering web applications and services entirely from the Internet. Typically applications must be developed with a particular platform in mind Multi tenant environments Highly scalable multi tier architecture

58. 58 Platform as a Service (PaaS) The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.

59. PaaS providers Google, Microsoft, TIBCO, VMware, Zoho

60. PaaS Examples

61. Cloud Computing - Services Software as a Service - SaaS Platform as a Service - PaaS Infrastructure as a Service - IaaS

62. 62 Cloud Deployment Models Public Cloud. Private Cloud. Community Cloud. Hybrid Cloud.

63. 63 Public Cloud The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.

64. 64 Private Cloud The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for a single organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party, and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

65. 65 Community Cloud The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, or compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off- premises.

66. 66 Hybrid Cloud The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).

67. 67 Private VS Public Cloud

68. Cloud Security Forum RA 10/15/201368Cloud Reference Architecture(s) IIT-RTC

69. Eco system ? Dictionary definition : – everything that exists in a particular environment Cloud ecosystem components: – In a cloud environment, the following exists Cloud service provider Cloud Consumer Service delivery models (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS) Deployment models ( Private / Public / Hybrid) With the following characteristics – Elasticity: Ability to scale virtual machines resources up or down – On-demand usage: Ability to add or delete computing power (CPU, memory ) and storage according to demand – Pay-per-use: Pay only for what you use – Multi-tenancy: Ability to have multiple customers access their servers in the data center in an isolated manner

71. On Demand Computing ( ODC) On-demand computing (ODC) is an enterprise- level model of technology and computing in which resources are provided on an as-needed and when-needed basis. ODC make computing resources such as storage capacity, computational speed and software applications available to users as and when needed for specific temporary projects, known or unexpected workloads, routine work, or long-term technological and computing requirements

72. Service Management The service management actions: – User makes a request to create a VM by logging onto the cloud portal. – The request is intercepted by the request manager and is forwarded to the management environment. – The management environment, on receiving the request, interprets it and applies to it provisioning logic to create a VM from the set of available physical servers. – External storage is attached to the VM from a storage area network (SAN) store during provisioning in addition to the local storage. – After the VM is provisioned and ready to use, the user is notified of this information and finally gains total control of the VM. The user can access this VM through the public Internet because the VM has a public IP address.

74. CC - Opportunities and Challenges It enables services to be used without any understanding of their infrastructure. Cloud computing works using economies of scale It potentially lowers the outlay expense for start up companies, as they would no longer need to buy their own software or servers. Cost would be by on-demand pricing. Vendors and Service providers claim costs by establishing an ongoing revenue stream. Data and services are stored remotely but accessible from “anywhere”

75. CC - Advantages Lower computer costs: – – You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run cloud computing's web-based applications. Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by traditional desktop software. – When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less expensive, with a smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient processor... – In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD drive, as no software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be saved. Instant software updates: – – When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically – Whenever you access a web-based application, you get the latest version without needing to pay for or download an upgrade. – Improved document format compatibility. – You do not have to worry about the documents ( data) you create on your machine being compatible with other users' applications or OSes e capacity: – – Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage Increased data reliability: – Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the storage of your data.

76. Disadvantages Need of Internet :- – Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the Internet. Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents, if you do not have an Internet connection you cannot access anything, even your own documents. – A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker. – Requires a constant Internet connection Can be slow: – – Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC. Disparate Protocols : - – Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different APIs – Standards yet to evolve.

77. The Future Many of the activities loosely grouped together under cloud computing have already been happening and centralised computing activity is not a new phenomena Grid Computing was the last research-led centralised approach. However there are concerns that the mainstream adoption of cloud computing could cause many problems for users Many new open source systems appearing now may or may not be able to install and run on your local cluster