1. Introduction to satellite orbits Carla Braitenberg Si ringrazia: Peter Wisser, Delft University Monitoraggio Geodetico e Telerilevamento 17.03.2016

2. Integration to Page 36 of the Tutorial.

3. Kepler laws Three laws of Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) First law: Conical sections Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus Planets/satellites/comets all move along conical sections Second law: Area law Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times Law of conservations of angular momentum Third law: Orbital period The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the length of (semi-)major axis of the ellipse Soon after appeared also to hold for the moons of Jupiter

4. Conical sections Exercize: calculate r for the different cases at theta=0 and 180°. For Hyperbola find asymptotic angle by setting denominator equal to zero. http://www.rapidtables.com/calc/math/Arccos_Calculator.htm Fine 17. marzo 2016

5. Newton’s law of gravity Inizio 23.03.2016

6. Conservation of momentum leads to second law of Kepler

7. Conservation of energy leads to First law of Kepler (conical sections) p

8. Elements of elliptical orbit

9. Elliptical orbits- important equations

11. Circular orbits

12. Circular orbit

13. Circular orbits with Earth in center

14. Circular orbits Fine 23.03.2016- (24.03.2016 ferie pasquali). 30.03.2016: introduzione GPS prof. Poretti 31-03.2016. Laboratorio GPS Prof. Poretti e CB.

15. Satellite Orbits

16. Elements of elliptical orbit a: semimajor axis, i: inclination,  : longitude (or right ascension) of ascending node,  : argument of perigee, : true anomaly, e: eccentricity

17. Elements of elliptical orbit H: radial distance, i: inclination,  : right ascension) of ascending node,  : true anomaly plus argument of perigee Retrograde orbit: inclination i > 90°.

18. Ground Track Illustration Martin, 2014, An Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing, Cambridge Univ. Press

19. Orbits in 3D- track on earth surface

20. Illustration of principal types of satellite orbits Geosynchronous orbit: 35 800 km above equator, i  0 Geostationary orbit: i=0°

21. Groundtracks of Topex Poseidon Altimetric satellite Ground track for a single orbit and ground track pattern traced out in one day for the T/P prograde orbit with 66° inclination. Repeat orbit.

22. Groundtracks of T/P over Atlantic ocean for the 10-day exact repeat orbit configuration. Top L.: full 10-day period Bot. L.: 3-day period. Solid, dashed, dot: day 1,2,3 Top R.: 9-day period. Solid, dashed, dot: days 1-3, 4-6, 7- 9

23. Ground tracks of T/P over Italy

24. Ground tracks of Topex/Poseidon integrated with ENVISAT. The resolution is increased. Location of the eight tide gauge (triangle) and co-located altimeter time- series used in monthly (dots) and daily (diamond) comparisons. Ground- tracks are from Envisat (light grey), Topex/Poseidon phase b (grey), Jason-1 and Topex/Poseidon phase a (black with track number). Additional tide gauge stations available over a shorter interval are shown (squares) Fenoglio et al., 2011.

25. Orbit of Landsat 7 The orbit of Landsat 7 is repetitive, circular, Sun-synchronous, and near polar at a nominal altitude of 705 km (438 miles) at the Equator. The spacecraft crosses the Equator from north to south on a descending orbital node from between 10:00 AM and 10:15 AM on each pass. Circling the Earth at 7.5 km/sec, each orbit takes nearly 99 minutes. The spacecraft completes just over 14 orbits per day, covering the entire Earth between 81 degrees north and south latitude every 16 days. The Figure on the right illustrates Landsat's orbit characteristics. http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov/orbit_coverage/

26. Sunsynchronous orbit Sunsynchronous orbit is retrograde orbit. Precession of orbital nodes is due to Earth’s equatorial bulge, which causes the orbital plane of a near polar orbit to rotate slowly around the pole. Described in terms of day-time equatorial crossing times, as 7:30 descending or 13:30 ascending orbit. Descending/ascending: South/northwards movement. Crossing time is local.

27. Sunsynchronous Orbit cartoon Green: sunsynchroneous orbit of a satellite. The orbit is a dawn-dusk orbit. The Satellite observations are made along the separation between illuminated and dark Earth surface. Magenta: orbit is fixed in space.

28. Satellite environment- perturbations to the satellite orbit and instruments Lunar and solar gravity fields Radiation pressure from solar wind Atmospheric drag, increasing at decreasing orbit radius Space debris and decomissioned satellites collision Monitoring programs: – NASA Orbital Debris program – ESA monitoring of debris

29. Details on Space debris http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/Videos/2013/04/Space_debris_story http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/index.html Documented collisions: February 2009: LEO,American commercial satellite collided with defunct Russian military satellite Kosmos-2251-> created 2000 pieces of debris In 2009 five satellite manouvers had to be done to avoid further collisions with the fragments: ACQUA, LANDSAT 7 (700km), Space Station, Space Shuttle 400 km, NASA tracking and Data Relay Satellite. Recent measures: satellites should brought down to sufficient low orbit (example several 100km) in order to decelerate in a decade of years and reenter the atmosphere

30. Schede di approfondimento

31. Netwon’s law of gravity

32. Newton’s law of gravity

33. Conservation of angular momentum

34. Conservation of Energy

35. Orbital equation

37. Elliptical orbit

40. Elliptical orbits- important equations

42. Circular orbits

44. Circular orbit

45. Circular orbits

46. Elliptical orbits

47. solution

48. Satellite CHAMP State Vector for CHAMP: epoch = 2000/08/01 00:00:00 GPS Brouwer mean elements in Conventional Inertial System (CIS) semi mayor axis = 6823.287 km eccentricity = 0.004001 inclination = 87.277 deg argument of perigee = 257.706 deg right ascension of the ascending node = 144.210 deg mean anomaly = 63.816 deg This leads to true period = 93.55 min rev/day = 15.40 nodal period = 966 days perigee period = 93 days