1. Chapter 17 The West / 1850 - 1900 Read Intro. pg. 489

2. Reasons For Westward Migration (Summation From Reading and Previous Chapters) Gold rush sped-up the process Gold rush sped-up the process Railroads – Provided the transportation Railroads – Provided the transportation Media – Railroad sponsored Dime (half- dimer) novels depicted adventure / land Media – Railroad sponsored Dime (half- dimer) novels depicted adventure / land Government Programs – Homestead Act 1862 Government Programs – Homestead Act 1862

3. Native Americans of The West Southwest – Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni all were farmers and herders with settlements, often in cliffs or on mesas Southwest – Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni all were farmers and herders with settlements, often in cliffs or on mesas Plains – Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Apache were migrant hunters who moved with the herds Plains – Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Apache were migrant hunters who moved with the herds Far West Utes, Chinook, and Shasta tribes were from Utah to California, settled around water, and lived off fish, fruits, and roots Far West Utes, Chinook, and Shasta tribes were from Utah to California, settled around water, and lived off fish, fruits, and roots

4. Demise of Western Tribes (Reading Summation) Lack of Coalition Lack of Coalition Trouble with diseases brought west by white men and women Trouble with diseases brought west by white men and women Refusing to assimilate Refusing to assimilate

5. Historical Perception of Native Americans (Summation) Until 1970s – Savages as characterized by writers and film makers Until 1970s – Savages as characterized by writers and film makers 1970s – 90s – Higher intelligence as portrayed by writers and film makers 1970s – 90s – Higher intelligence as portrayed by writers and film makers (more environmental, and peace loving) (more environmental, and peace loving) Present School of Thought – “The Middle Ground” (Dr. Brad Birzer, Hillside College) a cross between previous views Present School of Thought – “The Middle Ground” (Dr. Brad Birzer, Hillside College) a cross between previous views

6. Government Policy / Native Americans 1834 Indian Intercourse Act – no white man west of the Mississippi without a license (Indian Land, One Big Reservation) pg. 492 1834 Indian Intercourse Act – no white man west of the Mississippi without a license (Indian Land, One Big Reservation) pg. 492 1850s Concentration Policy attempted to place tribes onto lands in certain areas, this created battles between tribes and military and militia 1850s Concentration Policy attempted to place tribes onto lands in certain areas, this created battles between tribes and military and militia

7. 1887 Dawes Severalty Act attempted to end tribal life and force Native American assimilation by giving families not tribes land grants to farm 1887 Dawes Severalty Act attempted to end tribal life and force Native American assimilation by giving families not tribes land grants to farm End of the Buffalo herds by hunters between 1870 and 1880 ended the native’s ability to exist without government support End of the Buffalo herds by hunters between 1870 and 1880 ended the native’s ability to exist without government support

8. Western Settlement Page 500 Page 500 Most People moved west to better their lot Most People moved west to better their lot Most were able to better their lot, but it did not come easy Most were able to better their lot, but it did not come easy Men usually made the decision to move, west, but families usually went along except for those who went west to mine Men usually made the decision to move, west, but families usually went along except for those who went west to mine

9. Western Economy Became Based Upon: Mining, gold and other minerals Mining, gold and other minerals Ranching, vast grasslands Ranching, vast grasslands Farming, often made difficult by limited water supply Farming, often made difficult by limited water supply

10. Land Grants By 1860 U.S. Government owned about a billion acres of land By 1860 U.S. Government owned about a billion acres of land Between 1862 and 1890 the government gave away 48 million acres under the Homestead Act of 1862 (160 acre plots) 600,000 Americans took advantage Between 1862 and 1890 the government gave away 48 million acres under the Homestead Act of 1862 (160 acre plots) 600,000 Americans took advantage Gov’t sold another 100 million acres to citizens and corporations Gov’t sold another 100 million acres to citizens and corporations Gave 128 million acres to the Railroads Gave 128 million acres to the Railroads

11. Western Governments Areas were first considered U.S. Territories and governed as such with the President and Congress overseeing them Areas were first considered U.S. Territories and governed as such with the President and Congress overseeing them Washington appointed territory leaders often ruled like dictators Washington appointed territory leaders often ruled like dictators Eventually each area would move towards statehood Eventually each area would move towards statehood

12. Chinese Labor Immigrants from China came to America’s west coast Immigrants from China came to America’s west coast First seeking gold (1852 Law pushed them out of gold mining) and then labor opportunities First seeking gold (1852 Law pushed them out of gold mining) and then labor opportunities Most then accepted service jobs (ex. laundry workers, railroad laborers) Most then accepted service jobs (ex. laundry workers, railroad laborers) Most chose to assimilate into American culture Most chose to assimilate into American culture 1882 Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act to suspend immigration from China 1882 Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act to suspend immigration from China

13. Cattlemen vs. Farmers Cattle barons wished to have freedom to move their herds across the plains Cattle barons wished to have freedom to move their herds across the plains Farmers wished to stop this practice, and to limit access onto their lands that often damaged crops Farmers wished to stop this practice, and to limit access onto their lands that often damaged crops Barbed wire allowed farmers to stop this practice Barbed wire allowed farmers to stop this practice

14. The Grange A group created for farmers to socialize and share ideas, but evolved into a political body to combat railroad power A group created for farmers to socialize and share ideas, but evolved into a political body to combat railroad power The Grange fought to regulate the railroads The Grange fought to regulate the railroads

15. The End of The West Even Oklahoma that had been set aside for the Native Americans was eventually deeded over to Western Migrants by April of 1889 Even Oklahoma that had been set aside for the Native Americans was eventually deeded over to Western Migrants by April of 1889

16. The Cowboy Created by dime novelist to market the west, it became an American icon Created by dime novelist to market the west, it became an American icon Comparable to European Knight, Eastern Shogun / Ninja Comparable to European Knight, Eastern Shogun / Ninja Embodied the spirit of independence, and self supporting that Americans still crave Embodied the spirit of independence, and self supporting that Americans still crave