1. How Transformational Theory Can Be Used to Understand the Personal Experience of Being Bullied in the Workplace Salma Hadeed  Salma A Hadeed 2014 1

2. What is Transformational Theory?  Learning induces change  Produces a significant impact  Affects learner’s experiences  Outcome  Negative  Salma A Hadeed 2014 2

3. Bullying  Leyman (1990): ‘Mobbing’, ‘Ganging up on someone’.  Adams (1992): a type of disease. Bullying at work means harassing, offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someone’s work tasks. In order for the label bullying (or mobbing) to be applied to a particular activity, interaction or process it has to occur repeatedly and regularly (e.g. weekly) and over a period (e.g. about six months). (p. 15) Einarsen, Hoel, Zapf, and Cooper (2003)  Salma A Hadeed 2014 3

4. Types of Bullying  Threat to professional status  Threat to personal standing  Isolation  Overwork  Destabilization  Relational bullying (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995)  Indirect bullying (Björkqvist, Osterman, & Hjelt-Back, 1994)  Salma A Hadeed 2014 4

5. Symptoms of Bullying  Weight gain  Low self-esteem  Sickness  Isolation Extreme cases:  Self-destruction habits  Suicidal thoughts  Violence at work  Skin changes  Salma A Hadeed 2014 5

6. Antecedents, Consequences and Effects of Bullying 6 Vulnerable Introvert High Agreeableness Provocative Extrovert Low Agreeableness Figure 1. Two target types: Vulnerable vs. Provocative  Salma A Hadeed 2014

7. Antecedents, Consequences and Effects of Bullying  Physical and mental health  Depression and stress  Sleep problems and mood swings  Suicide  Absenteeism  Reduced job satisfaction  Salma A Hadeed 2014 7

8. Acceptance in Different Cultures  Chinese employees vs. American employees  Ireland, Germany and Austria employees  Korean culture  Salma A Hadeed 2014 8

9. Using Transformational Theory…  Transformational theory  reaction to a stimulus  Altering the way of thinking  Changing event  The change  Salma A Hadeed 2014 9