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Overview (1 of 2) The fall of the Alamo and the losses in South Texas opened the way for the Mexican army to move farther into Texas. Santa Anna ordered.

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Presentation on theme: "Overview (1 of 2) The fall of the Alamo and the losses in South Texas opened the way for the Mexican army to move farther into Texas. Santa Anna ordered."— Presentation transcript:

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2 Overview (1 of 2) The fall of the Alamo and the losses in South Texas opened the way for the Mexican army to move farther into Texas. Santa Anna ordered his troops to burn every settlement in their path. He believed that the Texas rebellion was crushed. Sam Houston, however, knew that the Texas campaign was not over. As commander in chief, he ordered the Texas volunteers to retreat eastward. Houston's forces grew in number as volunteers arrived from the United States. Most were untrained and poorly equipped, so Houston continued to retreat and to train the army in the fundamentals of warfare. As Santa Anna's troops pursued the leaders of the Texas government, Houston moved his army toward the San Jacinto River. On April 18, the Texas soldiers camped along the banks of Buffalo Bayou to meet the Mexicans.

3 Overview (2 of 2) Victory at San Jacinto – On April 20, Santa Anna's army camped on the edge of the prairie that faced Houston's camp. The next afternoon, while Santa Anna, General Cós, and their men were resting, Houston issued the order to attack. The Texans moved across the open prairie and opened fire with rifles and cannons. The battle lasted 18 minutes, but the killing continued until dark as the Texans cut down Mexican soldiers who had fled into the swamps. – Fewer than 10 Texans were killed or fatally wounded in the Battle of San Jacinto. General Houston listed 630 Mexicans killed and 730 taken prisoner. One of the prisoners was Santa Anna. He signed two treaties with the Texas government. In the public treaty, he promised to never fight the Texans again and ordered all Mexican forces out of Texas. In the secret treaty, Santa Anna promised to work for Mexican recognition of Texas independence. – News of the amazing victory soon spread throughout Texas. The settlers who had fled their homes returned. President David Burnet and Vice President Lorenzo de Zavala faced the task of organizing the new Republic of Texas.

4 Section 1: The Road to San Jacinto Main Idea – Sam Houston ordered the Texas army to retreat, and panic spread as the Mexican troops moved deeper into Texas. Key Terms – Massacre -- To kill many at one time Section Theme – Geography and History Houston's decision to retreat gave him valuable time before he met Santa Anna's forces. Essential Questions – Why did Santa Anna stay in Texas? – What happened at the Battle of San Jacinto?

5 I. Santa Anna Remains in Texas A.The fall of the Alamo and the losses in South Texas opened the way for Santa Anna to move farther into South Texas. B.Santa Anna prepared to return to Mexico and leave General Vincente Filisola to finish the task of defeating the rebels. C.But Filisola knew the task would not be easy. He believed the Texans would fight to protect their homes, and he persuaded Santa Anna to delay his departure.

6 Why did Santa Anna stay in Texas after winning the Alamo? General Vincente Filisola persuaded him that defeating the rebels would be extremely difficult.

7 II. Houston Builds the Texas Army A.Houston arrived at Gonzales on March 11 and found 370 volunteers who answered Travis’s pleas from the Alamo. B.With 400 troops he retreated eastward toward the Colorado River, hoping to pick up additional men. C.He needed Fannin’s 300 men and ordered Fannin to retreat from Goliad and join him.

8 Why did Houston retreat? He knew that he needed more troops and hoped to increase his army along the way.

9 III. Houston’s Army Retreats A.Houston’s army began its withdrawal from Gonzales on March 13. B.Houston’s forces grew to nearly 1,000 volunteers. C.Houston learned that Fannin and his soldiers had been captured. D.Houston’s soldiers became resentful because their homes were being destroyed, and they wanted to fight the Mexican soldiers. E.Houston, however, believed that his forcers were still too weak.

10 How did Houston’s troops react to the retreat? They wanted to fight Mexican soldiers who were destroying their homes; they did not want to retreat.

11 IV. Panic Causes Runaway Scrape A.Hundreds of families, fearing that the Mexican army would move in and harm them, moved east. B.Heavy spring rains and sickness made the journey miserable. C.The movement became known as the Runaway Scrape.

12 What made the Runaway Scrape more difficult? The Runaway Scrape was made more difficult because of rains and flooding and sickness among the people.

13 V. Houston Trains His Army A.On March 28, Houston’s army reached the Brazos River, but two companies refused to retreat farther. B.Leaving those two companies to guard the river crossing, Houston and t he main body of his army moved northward along the Brazos River. C.Houston drilled his men for nearly two weeks. D.Hendrick Arnold, an African American scout, posed as a runaway slave and moved through Mexican army camps, gather information for Houston.

14 How did Houston use his time while preparing for battle? Refusing to move, he drilled his men and gather information with the help of an African American spy (Hendrick Arnold).

15 VI. The Mexican Army Follows Houston A.On April 5, Santa Anna crossed the Colorado River and tried to overtake the Texans. B.Houston moved southeast toward the San Jacinto River. C.He received two cannons, the “Twin Sisters,” as a gift from the people of Cincinnati, Ohio. D.Houston moved south to Harrisburg, prepared to fight.

16 What were the “Twin Sisters”? They were two cannons and donated to Houston’s army by the people of Cincinnati, Ohio.

17 Section 2: Victory at San Jacinto Main Idea – The Texas army defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. Key Terms – Cavalry -- Soldiers that are mounted on horseback – Flank -- The right or left side of a formation. – Infantry -- Soldiers that fight on foot. Section Theme – Geography and History After the victory at San Jacinto, the Treaties of Velasco removed the threat of Mexican invasion. Essential Questions – What happened at the Battle of San Jacinto? – What were the details of the Treaty of Velasco?

18 I. The Eve of Battle A.On April 20, 1836, Texan troops camped on the banks of Buffalo Bayou B.Santa Anna’s army moved to the edge of a prairie opposite the Texans. C.Santa Anna was in a poor position but believed the Texans would not attack.

19 Why did General Santa Anna stay in a poor position with his army? He was confident that Texan troops were not going to attack.

20 II. San Jacinto Soldiers from Varied Backgrounds A.Juan Seguin commanded 20-30 Tejanos B.The Tejanos wore a piece of cardboard in their hats to distinguish them from Mexican troops.

21 Why were Tejanos in special danger? Because they were of Mexican descent. In a fight, they might be mistaken by their own Texas troops as members of the Mexican army.

22 III. Houston Calls a Council of War A.Santa Anna had 850 troops; 540 more joined them. B.Houston ordered the bridge across Vince’s Bayou destroyed to cut off a retreat for both armies. C.Houston called his officers to a council of war, but they disagreed over whether to attack directly or set up a defensive position.

23 What did Houston’s decision to destroy the bridge across Vince’s Bayou suggest about his intention? It cut off the retreat not only of the Mexican army, but of the Texans, too, which suggested he was ready to fight to the death.

24 IV. "Remember the Alamo” A.On the afternoon of April 21, Houston ordered the Texas army to advance on the Mexican troops who were resting. B.The Texans seized the Mexican artillery. C.The Mexican camp was in total confusion as soldiers tried to fight and flee. D.The battle lasted 18 minutes.

25 What was the main advantage of the Texan army? They surprised the unsuspecting Mexican army, which was resting in the afternoon.

26 V. Mexicans Suffer Heavy Losses A.The Mexican army suffered heavy losses at San Jacinto. B.An estimated 630 Mexicans were killed and 730 were taken prisoner, included Santa Anna. Santa Anna surrendered.

27 Why did the Mexican Army suffer heavy losses? They were not ready to fight.

28 VI. Comparing Reports A.Houston’s report to President Burnet praised his troops highly for their courage and loyalty. B.Santa Anna’s report to his superiors explained that the loss was due to the high number of inexperienced recruits.

29 Why was the capture of Santa Anna himself important? He was forced to give the order that all Mexican army units withdraw, effectively ending the war.

30 VII. The Texan Navy Controls the Coast A.The Texan navy controlled the coastal waters, bringing supplies to the Texan armies and cutting off supplies to the Mexican divisions.

31 Why was the Texas navy important? It brought supplies to the Texan armies and cut off supplies to the Mexican divisions.

32 VIII. Treaties of Velasco A.Santa Anna signed two treaties at Velasco— one public and one secret. B.The public treaty—Santa Anna promised that Mexican forces would never fight against Texans again and ordered all Mexican forces out of Texas. C.The secret treaty—Santa Anna promised to work for Mexican recognition of Texas independence in exchange for his release.

33 What did Santa Anna receive for cooperating with the Texas government? He was allowed to return unharmed to Mexico

34 IX. Many Texans Wanted Revenge A.Many Texans wanted to hang Santa Anna. B.Burnet, determined to honor the treaty, placed Santa Anna on a shop to return to Mexico. C.A group of angry Texan army officers prevented the ship from sailing, but Burnet stopped them from executing Santa Anna.

35 Why did burnet protect Santa Anna from Texans who wanted to execute him. He wanted to honor the treaty he made with Santa Anna.

36 X. Victory’s Consequences A.News of the victory spread throughout Texas. B.Soldiers from both sides returned to their homes. C.The Mexican army left in defeat. D.Volunteers from the United States arrived in Texas too late. The Texans had already won the war. E.Texans were now citizens of the New Republic of Texas.

37 What discovery did the volunteers from the United States make after the Battle of San Jacinto? They discovered that they were too late— Texans had already won the war.


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