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Nutrition & Feeding. Nutrition Terms Nutrition ▪ Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can grow, maintain.

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Presentation on theme: "Nutrition & Feeding. Nutrition Terms Nutrition ▪ Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can grow, maintain."— Presentation transcript:

1 Nutrition & Feeding

2 Nutrition Terms Nutrition ▪ Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can grow, maintain its body, reproduces, and perform. Nutrient ▪ substance or part of feedstuff that is necessary for an organism to live and grow. ▪ Also known as a single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life ▪ Required nutrients include water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, minerals, and vitamins.

3 Six Basic Nutrients Water Protein Carbohydrates Fats Vitamins Minerals

4 Water Most important nutrient Animals can go without food for several days, but can only survive without water for ~3 days Vital for proper body functions Makes up 55-65% of an animal’s body Purposes: ▪ Dissolves and transports other nutrients ▪ aids in digestion ▪ carries waste from the body ▪ Regulates body temperature and supports breathing

5 Protein Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Purpose: ▪ Develop and repairing body organs and tissues (i.e.: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers) ▪ Important in the reproduction process of the developing fetus, transmitting DNA, and development of young

6 Carbohydrates Important in converting of food into energy Carbohydrates are made up of chemical elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Types: ▪ sugars, starch, fiber Purpose: ▪ Supports body functions, breathing, digesting, etc. ▪ Stores fat, and produces heat for body warmth

7 Fats Contains the same chemical elements of C, H, & O as carbs, but in different combinations Purpose: ▪ Provides energy ▪ contains 2.25 times more energy than carbs/protein ▪ Aid in absorbing fat soluble vitamins ▪ Provide essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s diet

8 Vitamins Organic substances designated by the letters A, B, C, D, E, and K. Needed for specific biochemical reactions. Needed in very small amounts Purpose: ▪ Needed for regulating the digestive system, absorption, and metabolism

9 Minerals Inorganic Purpose: ▪ Supply the material for building bones, teeth, the skeleton ▪ Producing body regulators such as enzymes and hormones. Minerals are divided into two Divided into TWO groups 1. Macro minerals ▪seven major minerals needed in largest quantity ▪most likely lacking in the ration 2. Micro minerals ▪nine trace minerals that are only needed in small amounts

10 Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms Slow Growth ▪ Common w/ALL Water ▪ Body becomes overheated ▪ Slow down in normal body function Protein ▪ Growth and repair of tissues suffers ▪ Anorexia, anemia, edema; slow growth rate, low birth weight, lower milk production, decreased feed efficiency Carbohydrate ▪ Lack of energy/body heat Fat ▪ Lack of energy ▪ Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is affected Vitamin ▪ Body functions are affected Mineral ▪ Lower rate of gain, feed inefficiency, decreased milk/egg/wool production, decreased reproduction,

11 Major Way Nutrients are used Maintenance ▪ Rations high in carbohydrates and fats designed to keep animal constant with no gain or loss of weight. Growth ▪ Rations high in energy and protein so as to increase the animal’s body size. Reproduction ration ▪ A ration that contains the largest amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins of any ration ▪ Reproduction rations improve conception rates and breeding ability for males and females and are important for producing live, healthy offspring that have a good birth weight. Lactation ▪ Rations for lactating (milk producing) females encourage large milk production and are high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus (same nutrients contained in the milk). Work and activity ▪ Rations need increased amounts of fats and carbohydrates to supply the extra energy needed to perform (example: hunting dog chasing game).

12 Nutrition Terms Diet ▪ Feed and water an animal receives ▪ Amount and type is based on: 1 – what animal needs, 2 – what nutrients are in feed ▪ Must be palatable Ration ▪ Feed that contains right proportion of nutrients ▪ “Balanced ration”

13 Feed Classification Roughages ▪ Leaves & plants Concentrates ▪ Recommended for small animals b/c high in energy & protein ▪ High Energy Diet ▪ Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats ▪ High Protein Diet ▪ Soybean oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower meal Supplements ▪ If needed

14 Specific Diets Dogs and Cats ▪The best feed is usually a commercial feed variety ▪Puppies need diets higher in protein than adult dogs and food intake is regulated by activity ▪Cats need twice as much protein as dogs and 10% of their diet should be fat

15 Specific Diets Rabbits ▪Best to use pellet type of commercial feed and avoid feeding too much leafy green vegetables Pocket Pets ▪Best to use pellet type commercial feed and keep diet consistent ▪If mixing a ration – should have a wide range of food ▪Various diets include: ▪Gerbils – need a little green food in diet ▪Rats – can have dog food substituted ▪Ferrets – eat cat food ▪Mice – will not overeat ▪Guinea pigs – need solid food to dull their teeth and a certain amount of vitamin C

16 Specific Diets Amphibians and Reptiles ▪Depending on their size, amphibians and reptiles prefer to eat animals ▪Snakes eat mice ▪Turtles eat meat ▪Amphibians eat earthworms and insects ▪Tadpoles will eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food ▪Turtles – pieces of liver will do, but strawberries and other fruits can also be fed ▪Snakes in captivity learn to eat canned dog/cat food ▪Most lizards eat insects

17 Specific Diets Birds ▪Most birds prefer a diet of seeds ▪Two basic types of seed included in a bird’s diet are cereal seeds and oil seeds ▪Fruit and nectar birds eat oranges, grapes, and apple slices

18 Specific Diets Fish ▪Diet is affected by water temperature ▪Fish generally eat more when the water temperature is higher ▪Should be given a variety of food so they don’t get bored ▪Shrimp, krill, and plankton can be fed to larger fish ▪Flakes are good for smaller fish ▪Amount fish eats is related to water temperature, kind of fish, and stage of life ▪Feed fish the amount they can eat in a few minutes to avoid contaminating water


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