1. The classification scheme of convective clouds into microphysical zones according to the shape of the temperature – effective radius relations Note that in extremely continental clouds r e at cloud base is very small, the coalescence zone vanishes, mixed phase zone starts at T<-15 o C, and the glaciation can occur at the most extreme situation at the height of homogeneous freezing temperature of –39 o C. In contrast, maritime clouds start with large r e at their base, crossing the precipitation threshold of 14  m short distance above the base. The deep rainout zone is indicative of fully developed warm rain processes in the maritime clouds. The large droplets freeze at relatively high temperatures, resulting in a shallow mixed phase zone and a glaciation temperature reached near –10 o C

3. VIRS+PR, Amazon, 1998 13 SEP 14:15 VIRS T-Re TOMS Aerosol Index 13 September 1998 Note that clouds do not precipitate before reaching height of 6.5 km or –12 o C isotherm, while containing ample cloud water. The “Green Ocean” turns dry: Smoky clouds over the Amazon

4. Smoke haze Visibility ~ 800 m N CN ~ 10000 cm -3 BC ~ 7  g m -3 Clear day Visibility ~ ??? km N CN ~ 500 cm -3 BC ~ 0.2  g m -3

5. Note the shallow precipitating clouds, extensive warm rainout, glaciation at T>-10 o C, and few lightning TRMM VIRS+PR, Amazon, 1998 04 13 16:28 VIRS T-Re The “Green Ocean”: Maritime clouds over the Amazon

8. North of Ji Parana, 4 October 2002, 16:03 GMT. Moderate smoke,

9. MODIS AQUA, 7S-12S, 62W-66W, 4 October 2002, 17:50 GMT.

12. MODIS AQUA, 5S-10S, 64W-71W, 4 October 2002, 17:50 GMT.

13. Near Rio Branco, 4 October 2002, 19:04 GMT. Pyro-Cumulus,

14. Near Rio Branco, 4 October 2002, 19:09 GMT. Pyro Cumulus,

15. Near Rio Branco, 4 October 2002, 19:17 GMT. Pyro-Cumulus, 4.5 km

18. MODIS AQUA, 5S-10S, 64W-71W, 4 October 2002, 17:50 GMT.

19. Near Cruzeiro do Sul, 4 October 2002, 22:10 GMT. Warm Rain, 2.5 km