1. Chapter 6: Physical Storage You will learn how to:  Identify hard drive types and install a hard drive in a PC and laptop  Implement hardware RAID  Identify optical drive and disc types, and install an optical drive in a PC and laptop  Identify and use other storage methods Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

2. Module A: Disk Drives You will learn how to:  Identify the various types of disk drives  Describe the various connection types for disk drives  Troubleshoot disk drive issues  Install a disk drive in a PC  Install a disk drive in a laptop  Install an external hard drive  Troubleshoot problems with a disk drive installation Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

3. Magnetic Hard Drive Components Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC Hard drive platters Drive spindle Read/write heads Actuator

4. SSD Cut-Away View Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

5. Magnetic HD vs SSD Benefits of magnetic HD  Older, established technology  Larger capacities available  Does not have maximum read/write limit  Less expensive per byte Benefits of SSD  Rugged - no moving parts to wear or break  Virtually silent  Faster boot and data access  Not affected by fragmentation  Smaller form factors available Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

6. IDE and SATA Connectors & Cables IDE and SATA data cablesStraight/angled SATA connectors Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

7. IDE Hard Drive Connections Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC Power connection slot Jumper: not used on SSD IDE data interface connection slot

8. SATA drive connections Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC Jumper: not used on SATA drives SATA data interface connection SATA power connection

9. Symptoms of HD Problems during POST  Hard drive not found  Fixed disk error  Invalid boot disk  Inaccessible boot device  Operating system not found  A 1700s or 10400s numeric error code Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

10. POST Error Troubleshooting  Verify there are no loose connections.  Try different data interface cable and power cord.  Check controller card if your computer has one: – Remove and reseat card. – Move card to different slot. – Test card in different computer.  Verify jumpers have not been moved.  Inspect connections for damage.  Verify drive was not disabled in BIOS/UEFI.  Try booting to another drive.  Install hard drive as second drive in another computer and test.  Download and run diagnostic software from drive manufacturer.  For "operating system not found" errors: If you see hard drive in BIOS, try using operating system's bootable repair or recovery discs provided by OEM. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

11. Symptoms of Hard Drive Problems  Bad sector errors  Read/write errors  S.M.A.R.T. errors  Slow performance Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

12. Slow Performance Troubleshooting  Run CHKDSK to scan for bad sectors, verify file system integrity, and attempt to fix logical file system errors.  Download and run diagnostic software from manufacturer.  If hard drive is FAT or FAT32, upgrade to NTFS using Microsoft's CONVERT command.  If running Windows, run Disk Cleanup utility.  If running Windows, try running Defragmenting utility (Note: Most modern hard drives do not need to be defragmented)  Move data interface cable to different port on motherboard. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

13. Hard Drive Clicking Noises Back up your data, then check:  Verify drive is on level surface.  Verify no loose connections.  Verify interface and power cable or adapter are good.  For is external HD receiving power from USB port, verify port supplies correct power.  Update hard drive firmware.  Defragment drive. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

14. Installing PC Internal HD 1.Power down computer. 2.Unplug power cable from wall outlet. 3.Unplug power cable from back of PC chassis. 4.Remove any external cables from ports. 5.Open computer chassis. 6.If replacing hard drive, remove old hard drive: a)Remove the power connector and drive interface connector from the ports on the hard drive. b)Unscrew the hard disk from its support rails. c)Gently pull the hard disk out from its mounting location. 7.If are installing second IDE hard drive, set jumper on drive to indicate it is slave. 8.Slide hard disk into empty drive slot. 9.Secure hard disk to support rails using appropriate screws. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

15. Installing PC Internal HD, cont’d 10.Plug IDE or SATA interface connector into back of hard drive. 11.Connect IDE or SATA cable to motherboard. 12.Close chassis. 13.Reattach external cables from ports. 14.Plug wall outlet power cord into computer. 15.Plug power cord into wall outlet. 16.Boot computer. 17.If desired, proceed with partitioning drive. 18.Format drive. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

16. DISKPART Commands  CREATE PARTITION Primary Size=50000  CREATE PARTITION Extended Size=25000  CREATE PARTITION logical Size=25000  DELETE Partition  EXTEND Size=10000  GPT attributes=n (assign GUID Partition Table attributes)  SET id=byte|GUID [override] [noerr] (Change the partition type) Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

17. Formatting Command Switches /FS:file-systemSpecify file system: FAT, FAT32, exFAT, NTFS, UDF /V:labelSpecify label for volume. FAT and FAT 32 labels are limited to 11 characters. NTFS can have up to 32 characters. UDF supports volumes labels up to 126 characters (only 32 will show in Windows) /QForces quick format, which doesn't run check for bad sectors on volume before formatting. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

18. Installing Internal HD on Laptop 1.Power down computer. 2.Unplug power cord from wall outlet and remove battery. 3.Open hard drive access panel. 4.Detach retaining clips or screws holding hard drive in place. 5.Slide drive to disconnect from connectors. 6.Lift drive up and out. 7.Gently place new drive in space. 8.Use gentle pressure to slide it toward connectors. 9.Reattach retaining clips or screws to secure hard disk. 10.Close and secure hard drive access panel. 11.Replace battery and plug power cord back into wall outlet. 12.Reboot computer. 13.If desired, proceed with partitioning. 14.Format the hard drive. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

19. Installing an External HD 1.Turn on computer and boot to OS. 2.Plug power in to external hard drive. 3.Plug external hard drive interface cable into hard drive and computer port. 4.Wait while OS detects new hardware and, if necessary, installs drivers. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

20. HD Installation Troubleshooting  All connections properly seated: – Hard drive – Motherboard – PSU  Autodetect is enabled in BIOS/UEFI  Jumpers set correctly on IDE drives  Bootable disk is available  BIOS/UEFI supports large hard drives Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

21. Assessment: Hard Drives Which of the following is a benefit of solid state drives over magnetic hard drives? A.Larger capacities available B.Less expensive per byte C.Faster boot and access speeds D.No maximum read/write limit C is correct. In a magnetic hard drive, the actuator must move the read/write heads over the surface of the platters to retrieve data, making the process slower than SSD technology. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

22. Assessment: Hard Drives When installing a SATA drive as the second drive in a PC, you must set the jumper to the slave position. True or false? A.True B.False That’s false. Jumpers to specify drive order are used on IDE drives. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

23. Assessment: Hard Drives Which of the following are symptoms shown during the POST that could indicated a hard drive problem? Select all answers that apply. A.An invalid boot disk error B.The BSOD C.S.M.A.R.T. error D.Fixed disk error A and D are correct. This is a symptom that presents itself during normal use. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

24. Assessment: Hard Drives Which switch is used with the FORMAT command to create the label DATA to show up in Windows Explorer? A./FS B./N C./Q D./V D is correct. The correct syntax to create the label DATA is FORMAT /V:DATA. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

25. Assessment: Hard Drives If after you install a new SATA hard drive, you receive a "hard drive not found" error, one reason for the error could be due to no boot disk being available. True or false? A.True B.False That’s true. One reason you receive a "hard drive not found error" is there is no bootable disk available. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

26. Module B: Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) You will learn how to:  Describe the different levels of RAID  Configure a hardware-based RAID array  Identify causes of RAID array failures  Define hot-swapping  Replace a failed RAID drive Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

27. RAID Storage Server Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

28. RAID 0, “Disk Striping” Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

29. RAID 1, “Disk Mirroring” Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

30. RAID 5 Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

31. RAID 10, “Nested RAID Level” Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

32. Implementing Hardware RAID 1.Verify motherboard has RAID controller. 2.If motherboard doesn't support RAID, install PCI or PCIe adapter that supports RAID. 3.Install number of hard drives needed for RAID level. 4.Connect hard drive data interface cables to RAID controller. 5.If motherboard controlling RAID array, enter BIOS/UEFI and verify computer has auto-detected all drives and correct RAID type is selected. 6.If using PCI or PCIe adapter card to control RAID array, run configuration software. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

33. Common RAID Failures  Drive failure  Controller failure  Power issues  Software issues  RAID rebuild stress Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

34. Replacing Failed RAID Drive 1.Create backup of data. 2.Remove failed drive. 3.Install new drive of same or equal capacity. 4.Verify new drive is detected: – If motherboard controlling array, enter BIOS/UEFI and verify computer has auto- detected new drive. – If using PCI or PCIe adapter card to control RAID array, run configuration software. 5.Add new drive to RAID array. 6.Start rebuild process. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

35. Assessment: RAID Which of the following RAID levels incorporates disk striping? Select all answers that apply. A.RAID 0 B.RAID 1 C.RAID 5 D.RAID 10 A, C, and D are correct. Of the RAID levels listed, only RAID 1 doesn't use disk striping. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

36. Assessment: RAID The process of rebuilding a RAID drive from parity data can cause a RAID drive to fail. True or false? A.True B.False That’s true. Many times RAID drives are identical and were purchased at the same time. If one drive fails, the I/O intensive rebuild process could put enough wear and tear on another drive to cause it to fail. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

37. Assessment: RAID If you have a RAID implementation with data parity, you don't need data backups. True or false? A.True B.False That’s false. RAID can guard against drive failure, but not other problems that could corrupt or delete your data. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

38. Module C: Optical Drives You will learn how to:  Identify the various types of optical drives  Describe the various optical discs and their capacities  Install an internal optical drive in a PC  Install an internal optical drive in a laptop  Install an external optical drive  Troubleshoot optical drive problems Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

39. Optical Drive Types CD drives  CD-ROM: – Read  CD-R: – Read – Record once  CD-RW: – Read – Record – Rerecord DVD drives  DVD-ROM: – Read CD and DVD  DVD-R/+R: – Read CD and DVD – Record new DVD once  DVD-R/+R Dual Layer (DL): – Read CD and DVD – Record new DVD in two data layers once  DVD-RW/+RW: – read CD and DVD – record and rerecord DVD  DVD-RW/+RW Dual Layer (DL): – Read CD and DVD – Record and rerecord DVD in two data layers Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC Blu-ray drives  BD-ROM: – Read CD, DVD, and Blu-ray  BD-R: – Read CD, DVD, and Blu-ray – Record new Blu-ray once  BD-RE: – Read CD, DVD, and Blu-ray – Record and rerecord Blu-ray  BD-R Dual Layer (DL): – Read CD, DVD, and Blu-ray – Record new Blu-ray in two data layers  BD-RE Dual Layer (DL): – Read CD, DVD, and Blu-ray – Record and rerecord Blu-ray in two data layers

40. Optical Disc Layers Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

41. Pits and Lands Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

42. Laser Wave Lengths Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

43. Data Layers Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

44. Optical Disc Capacities Optical disc typeCapacity CD standard650MB CD high-density700MB DVD single-layer, single-sided4.7GB DVD single-layer, double-sided9.4GB DVD dual-layer, single-sided8.5GB DVD dual-layer, double-sided17GB Blu-ray (pre-BD-XL)25GB per layer Blu-ray BD-XL triple-layer100GB Blu-ray BD-XL quadruple-layer128GB Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

45. Installing Internal Optical Drive 1.Power down computer. 2.Unplug power cable from wall outlet. 3.Unplug power cable from back of PC chassis. 4.Remove any external cables from ports. 5.Open computer chassis. 6.If replacing an optical drive, remove old drive: a)Remove power connector and drive interface connector from ports on optical drive. b)Unscrew optical drive from its support rails. c)Gently pull optical disk out from its mounting location. 7.If installing IDE optical disk on same cable as hard drive, set jumper on drive to indicate it is slave. 8.Slide optical into empty drive slot. 9.Secure optical drive to support rails using appropriate screws. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

46. Installing Internal Optical Drive, cont’d 10.Plug IDE or SATA interface connector into back of optical drive. 11.Connect IDE or SATA cable to motherboard. 12.Connect power connector from power supply to drive. 13.Close chassis. 14.Reattach external cables from ports. 15.Plug wall outlet power cord into computer. 16.Plug power cord into wall outlet. 17.Boot computer. 18.If drive came with burning software, install it. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

47. Installing Internal Optical Drive, Laptop 1.Power down computer. 2.Unplug power cord from wall outlet and remove battery. 3.Detach retaining clips or screws holding optical drive in place. 4.Slide drive horizontally away from case to disconnect from connectors. 5.Slide drive out. 6.Gently place new drive in space. 7.Use gentle pressure to slide it towards the connectors. 8.Reattach retaining clips or screws to secure drive in place. 9.Replace battery and plug power cord back into wall outlet. 10.Reboot computer. 11.If drive came with burning software, install it. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

48. Optical Drive Read/Write Errors To troubleshoot:  Verify using optical disc type supported by drive.  Clean drive with lens cleaner and compressed air.  Examine log files for error messages.  For write-only errors: – Try using write-only disc. – Attempt to write using lowest available write speed. – Verify buffer underrun feature is enabled. – Remove and reinstall burning software. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

49. Optical Drive Not Recognized To troubleshoot:  Verify there is power to drive.  Reseat all cable connections.  Look on manufacturer Website for updated firmware, drivers, or other software.  For internal IDE drives, verify jumpers are in correct position.  Verify drive has not been disabled in BIOS/UEFI.  Examine log files for error messages.  Reinstall driver. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

50. Retrieving a Stuck Optical Disc 1.Shut off computer. 2.Wait approximately 60 seconds. 3.Turn computer back on. 4.Allow system to fully load all software. 5.Try ejecting disc again using both eject button on drive and eject command in OS. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

51. Assessment: Optical Drives If you install a Blu-ray drive, it will be able to read CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray optical discs. True or false? A.True B.False That’s true. As each new technology was introduced, drive manufacturers maintained backwards compatibility with optical discs users already owned. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

52. Assessment: Optical Drives Which optical drive technology uses a 405 nm wavelength laser? A.Blu-ray B.CD C.DVD A is correct. The Blu-ray laser is 405 nm (violet). Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

53. Assessment: Optical Drives If you are installing an IDE optical drive, you must configure the drive jumpers. True or false? A.True B.False That’s true. An IDE optical drive is set as a slave drive on the IDE controller using the jumper on the drive. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

54. Assessment: Optical Drives Which of the following could be the cause of an optical drive not being recognized by the system? A.Dust or dirt on the laser. B.The buffer underrun feature is disabled. C.The burning software is corrupt. D.The drive's firmware needs to be updated. D is correct. Operating system updates can cause problems with hardware. Manufacturers will issue firmware and driver updates to fix these problems. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

55. Module D: Other Storage Methods You will learn how to:  Describe USB flash drives and memory cards  Use a flash drive or memory card  Describe a tape drive Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

56. Types of Memory Cards  Compact Flash  Secure Digital (SD) Card  USB flash memory Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

57. Using Flash Memory Card or USB Flash Drive 1.Check instruction manual to determine if device needs to be off before inserting memory card. 2.Insert flash memory card in appropriate slot or attach USB flash drive in USB port. 3.If necessary, turn on device. 4.Wait for computer or device to recognize memory card or USB flash drive. 5.If prompted, format card or flash drive. 6.Save data to card or drive. 7.On computer, use eject command to remove memory card or USB flash drive. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

58. Internal Tape Drive Advantages:  Reduced energy costs  Reliability  High capacity  Low cost per GB Disadvantage:  Low access speed Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

59. Assessment: Other Storage Methods Which storage method stores data sequentially? A.Compact Flash B.Magnetic tape C.Secure Digital Card D.USB flash memory B is correct. Tape drives write information onto the magnetic tape in a sequential manner, advancing the tape forward to write additional information. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

60. Assessment: Other Storage Methods You can corrupt the data on your flash drive or memory card if you remove it from your computer or device incorrectly. True or false? A.True B.False That’s true. If you remove the device while it is saving data, you can corrupt the data. Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC

61. Summary: Physical Storage You should now know:  Hard drives are magnetic or solid state, the advantages and disadvantages of each type, and how to install and troubleshoot both internal and external hard drives in a PC and laptop  How to describe the RAID levels of 0, 1, 5, and 10; how to implement hardware RAID; and how to replace a failed RAID drive  The differences between the optical drive types of CD, DVD, and Blu-ray; and how to install and troubleshoot both internal and external optical drives in a PC and laptop  Other storage methods include flash memory cards, USB flash drives, and magnetic tape drives; and how to use each type to store data Copyright © 2016 30 Bird Media LLC