Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Decolonization and Globalization. Path to Independence World wars had weakened Europe and sense of their superiority United Nations provided platform.

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Decolonization and Globalization. Path to Independence World wars had weakened Europe and sense of their superiority United Nations provided platform."— Presentation transcript:

1 Decolonization and Globalization

2 Path to Independence World wars had weakened Europe and sense of their superiority United Nations provided platform for anti-colonial movements US and USSR opposed older European colonial empires

3 Path to Independence Third-generation of Western-educated local leaders – Sukarno, Gandhi, Nehru, Ho Chi Minh, Nkrumah, Mandela Nationalist movements grew stronger Some colonies negotiated for independence, while others fought for it

4 India and Pakistan British infrastructure strengthened ability of Indians to unite and communicate Indian National Congress (INC) – Formed in 1885 to demand more rights from the British Membership comprised of high- caste, English- educated Indian men – Businessmen, lawyers, journalists, teachers

5 Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Born into a Hindu vaisya family Trained as a lawyer in England before joining the INC in 1915 Practiced satyagraha – Confrontational but non-violent civil disobedience Opposed to industrialization Supported rights and political participations for untouchables, Muslims, and women – Still used Hindu religious themes and believed in traditional women’s roles

6 India and Pakistan All-India Muslim League: Muslim minority argued for separate political status – Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah – First Governor-General of Pakistan, 1947-1948 Separate countries created for Muslims and Hindus after independence in 1947 – Millions died from violence or became refugees after partition

7 African Independence

8 Shift from colonialism to democracy was more abrupt than in India – Africans lacked similar education, economic development, and infrastructure Violent wars of independence – Algeria against France (1954-1962), Angola against Portugal (1961-1975)

9 African Independence Some political parties heightened ethnic differences – Many political parties were quickly replaced by military coups after independence US and USSR supported rival countries and rulers – Provided economic and military support – Organized coups to install communist or democratic governments

10 Authoritarianism in Africa Haile Selassie (r. 1930-1974) – Emperor of Ethiopia Rastafarianism: religion that worshipped Selassie as the messiah – Prominent in Jamaica Idi Amin (r. 1971-1979) – Became President of Uganda after a military coup – Erratic and brutal ruler guilty of human rights abuses Switched between pro-Western and pro-Soviet stance

11 Trump and African Dictators https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FPrJxTv gdQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FPrJxTv gdQ

12 Pan-Africanism Africans worldwide should unite for economic, social, and political power Organization of African Unity founded in 1961 (later named African Union) – Promote African unity, eradicate colonialism, and increase standard of living and human rights Kwame Nkrumah (r. 1951-1966) – Led Ghana (Gold Coast) to independence – First President of Ghana – Used socialism to transition Ghana through independence

13 South Africa British and Afrikaners (Boer descendants) sought to maintain political and economic dominance – 20% of population Industrialized economy employed most Africans – Diamond and gold mining, manufacturing Apartheid: legal segregation between whites and non-whites from 1948-1994 Africans lived in separate and impoverished reserves called “Bantustans”

14 South African Resistance Nelson Mandela (r. 1994-99) – Member of Xhosa royal family and lawyer Imprisoned in 1962 for his role in ANC protests African National Congress (ANC) formed in 1912 – Male, middle-class, educated Africans – Fought for equal acceptance in South African politics and society

15 End of Apartheid Mounting international disapproval, Olympic exclusion, and economic boycotts Racial tension, strikes, and riots prompted concessions by the South African government Mandela was released from prison in 1990 Negotiated to end apartheid, legalize the ANC, and have multiracial elections – Elected President from 1994-1999

16 Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) Porfirio Díaz (r. 1876-1911) ruled as a dictator – Instituted industrial reforms and increased foreign investment Oppressed peasants, led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, rebelled to gain rights and land Díaz was overthrown and new constitution created – Catholic Church lost their land and role in education – Workers’ rights, universal male suffrage, redistribution of land

17 Mexico Lorenzo Cardenas (r. 1934-1940) – Nationalized oil industry and instituted land reforms for peasants – Willingly stepped down at end of term Party of the Industrialized Revolution (PRI): dominant Mexican political party that grew from Cardenas – Ruled from 1940s-2000 – Used import substitution industrialization to invest in infrastructure and pay off foreign debts “Mexican Miracle” from the 1940s-1970s saw consistent economic growth and political stability

18 Argentina Juan Perón (r. 1946-1955, 1973- 1974) – Charismatic but authoritarian president Populist policies and his wife, Eva, endeared him to the working class Nationalized several businesses and tightly controlled the press Increased employment through industrialization and investment in infrastructure – Improved pay and working conditions for urban workers Peronist party dominated Argentine politics afterwards

19 Central America and the US Banana Republics: politically unstable Latin American countries – Economically dependent on usually a single product Multinational corporations: own products or services in multiple countries – United Fruit Company and Standard Fruit Company – Often virtually ran countries like Honduras and Guatemala Good Neighbor Policy implemented by FDR (1933- 1945) – Ended US military intervention in Latin American countries until the Cold War

20 Socialism in Latin America Augusto Sandino: Nicaraguan guerrilla leader who fought US occupation in 1930s Inspired the FSLN (Sandinistas) – Democratic socialists who ruled Nicaragua 1979-2000 despite US opposition Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path): Peruvian socialist terrorist group starting in 1980s Liberation theology: combination of Roman Catholicism and Marxist socialism to provide social justice for the poor

21 Chile Augusto Pinochet (r. 1973-1990) – Overthrew Allende in US-backed coup Reintroduced free-market economic policies that created economic growth – Increased wealth disparity Outlawed political parties and murdered opponents Salvador Allende (r. 1970-1973) – First Marxist elected as President in Latin America – Nationalized businesses and collectivized agriculture in order to redistribute land and wealth

22 Turkey Mustafa Kemal (r. 1923-1938) – First President of Turkey – Named Ataturk (“Father of the Turks”) Westernized Turkey – Removed Islam from political role and ended caliphate – Replaced sharia with European law codes – Changed Turkish from Arabic to Western alphabet – Encouraged men and women to adopt Western dress – Abolished polygamy, allowed women to vote in 1934 and hold public office, equal rights in divorce

23 Egypt Free Officers Movement overthrew corrupt king in 1952 – Nationalistic army officers who wanted full independence from Britain Gamal Abdel Nasser became president (r. 1956-1970) – Advocated Pan-Arabism – Opposed to Israel – Close to the USSR but non-aligned – Redistributed land to peasants, limited foreign investments, industrialization

24 Egypt Suez Crisis (1956): Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal – Israel, France, and Britain successfully recaptured the canal – US and the UN forced them to withdraw and allowed Egyptian control of the canal Anwar Sadat (r. 1970-1981) – Reopened Western investment – Criticized by Arabs for making peace with Israel after Yom Kippur War (1973)

25 Iran Industrialization, thriving oil business, well- educated elite, strong military Repressive government stifled free speech – SAVAK: Iranian secret police trained by the CIA Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (r. 1941-1979) – Shah of Iran White Revolution (1963) – Secular modernization, land redistribution for peasants, women’s suffrage,

26 Islamic Revolution of 1979 Islamic leaders were unhappy with Iranian secularism Ayatollah Khomeini (r. 1979-1989) – Exiled fundamentalist Shi’a cleric – Overthrew the Shah and rule Iran as the Supreme Leader Iran reformed into an Islamic republic Islamization affected all aspects of Iranian life – Sharia law and Islam replaced European-style law codes and education – Women had to be fully covered, could not attend school, and could marry at age 9

27 Zionism British controlled the Mandate of Palestine after World War I – Mostly Palestinian Arabs with small Jewish settlements Zionism: nationalistic movement to create Jewish homeland in Israel – New Jewish immigrants clashed with Palestinian Arabs After World War II, Jews fought against British and Arabs to create independent state of Israel – Israel declared independence in 1948

28 Israel Israel defeated joint Arab armies in the Six Day War in 1967 – Claimed new territory and demonstrated military strength Highlighted Arab-Israeli tensions Displaced hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs from their homes – Refugees settled in West Bank and Gaza Strip

29

30 Australia Discovery of gold in 1850s led to increasing Chinese immigration White Australia Policy – Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 placed taxes and restrictions on Asian immigrants – Disbanded by 1973 Aborigines received equal voting rights in 1967

31 Growth in Asia Pacific Rim: Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand Growing populations and rapid industrialization supported by government planning Exports included electronics, automobiles, textiles – Hyundai, Samsung, Toyota, Mitsubishi

32 Influenza Spanish Flu (1918-20) – Spread by WWI troop movements – 500 million infected – Up to 100 million killed (5% of global population) Swine Flu (2009-10) – Over 500,000 killed

33 HIV/AIDS Began in West Africa Epidemic in US began in 1981 36 million dead worldwide (2012)

34

35 Green Revolution Norman Borlaug (1914-2009) – Developed high-yield, disease- resistant wheat varieties Introduced in Mexico, Pakistan, India in the 1960s – Led to less reliance on food importation, massive increase in agricultural production, and improved stability Credited with saving over one billion people from starvation

36 Environmentalism Silent Spring (1960), by Rachel Carson – Documented negative effects of pesticide usage in the US Inspired public awareness of human impact on the environment Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Regulates and enforces laws concerning the environment

37 Environmentalism Earth Day: first celebrated in 1970 – Promotes peace and global environmental protection Green Belt Movement – Founded by Kenyan professor Wangari Maathai in 1977 – Organizes rural women to plant trees to help local economies – Has planted over 50 million trees

38

39 Medical Innovations Increasing population due to increased agricultural production and medical developments Polio killed thousands of children every year – Jonas Salk developed first successful vaccine in 1955 Antibiotics to treat and prevent infections developed starting in the 1930s Artificial heart first implanted in 1982

40 Population Growth

41 Second-Wave Feminism Second-wave feminism focused on reproductive rights (contraception, abortion) and rejected domesticity Influenced by publications of Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex (1949) and Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) – Ideas spread throughout the Western world and beyond 1960s-1980s Most women worldwide gained suffrage by 1950s

42 Christian Fundamentalism Rejected scientific explanations of the Bible and Darwinian evolution – Advocated return to “fundamental” truths Post-WWII Protestants rejected political liberalism – Homosexuality, “big government”, sexual revolution of the 1960s, abortion rights Religious Right – Fundamentalist Christians entered politics in the 1970s Pat Robertson – Fundamentalist televangelist – Ran for US President in 1988

43 United States and Imperialism?

44

45 McWorld

46 Islamic Fundamentalism Response to independent Islamic countries that followed Westernization and secularization – Leaders like Sayyid Qutb called for modern jihad (“struggle” to please Allah) – Insisted on Quran and sharia as guides for all parts of life Muslim Brotherhood – Egyptian political party started in 1928 – Advocated government actions in support of Islamic teachings for social justice

47 Islamic Terrorist Organizations Hamas (in Palestine) and Hezbollah (Lebanon) – Supported by Iran – Target Israel with suicide bombings and rocket attacks Al-Qaeda – Founded by wealthy Saudi Arab Osama bin Laden – Targets US and Western countries for being infidels in the Islamic world – Carried out September 11 attacks

48 European Terrorist Organizations Irish Republican Army (IRA): guerrilla terrorist organization that tried to expel the British from Northern Ireland – The Troubles (1968-1998) ETA: Basque separatist group that fought for an independent nation in northern Spain – Used assassinations and bombings 1959-2011


Download ppt "Decolonization and Globalization. Path to Independence World wars had weakened Europe and sense of their superiority United Nations provided platform."

Similar presentations


Ads by Google