1. Date of download: 5/30/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: In Situ PLIF and Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Primary Entrainment Fuel Jet in a Naturally Aspirated Water Heater J. Fluids Eng. 2013;136(2):021104-021104-6. doi:10.1115/1.4025865 Photo of 40k Btu/h pancake burner in water heater. The burner is 120 mm diameter and 55 mm overall height. This study focuses on the turbulent jet created by the fuel nozzle that entrains primary air before the mixture enters the bottom of the pancake. Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 5/30/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: In Situ PLIF and Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Primary Entrainment Fuel Jet in a Naturally Aspirated Water Heater J. Fluids Eng. 2013;136(2):021104-021104-6. doi:10.1115/1.4025865 PLIF and PIV experimental configuration. Particle loading (0.01 cc/min) and acetone tracer concentration (5% by volume) is controlled via a branched methane flow with a total mass flow rate of 21.4 SLPM, corresponding to a 40,000 Btu/h (11.7 kW) firing rate. Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 5/30/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: In Situ PLIF and Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Primary Entrainment Fuel Jet in a Naturally Aspirated Water Heater J. Fluids Eng. 2013;136(2):021104-021104-6. doi:10.1115/1.4025865 Cross section of fuel nozzle. The nozzle is cost effective to manufacture, but it is not similar to common nozzles used in the study of free jets, namely straight pipe, sharp orifice, or smoothly contracting nozzles. Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 5/30/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: In Situ PLIF and Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Primary Entrainment Fuel Jet in a Naturally Aspirated Water Heater J. Fluids Eng. 2013;136(2):021104-021104-6. doi:10.1115/1.4025865 Relative Sum Squared Difference of scaled, average, radial concentration, and velocity profiles. The profile at each axial location is normalized by its centerline value and half-width. The SSD is calculated relative to the profiles at about 9 orifice diameters downstream (where SSD is zero). When the SSD for a property approaches a fairly constant, low value, that property of the jet has become self-similar. The data from the self-similar region can then be fit to Eqs. (2) and (3). Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 5/30/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: In Situ PLIF and Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Primary Entrainment Fuel Jet in a Naturally Aspirated Water Heater J. Fluids Eng. 2013;136(2):021104-021104-6. doi:10.1115/1.4025865 Measurement of entrainment by a turbulent jet with a straight pipe exit with comparison to the work of Han and Mungal [11], which had a similar configuration. Axial distance is normalized by the effective momentum diameter. The data reduction technique used in this work shows good agreement with work that used a seeded coflow. Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 5/30/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: In Situ PLIF and Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Primary Entrainment Fuel Jet in a Naturally Aspirated Water Heater J. Fluids Eng. 2013;136(2):021104-021104-6. doi:10.1115/1.4025865 Fuel and air flow rate along jet axis, normalized by orifice diameters. The metered line indicates the fuel flow rate as controlled by the mass flow controllers. The fuel flow deduced from the PLIF and PIV measurements agrees well with the metered rate, providing confidence in the accuracy of the technique. Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 5/30/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: In Situ PLIF and Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Primary Entrainment Fuel Jet in a Naturally Aspirated Water Heater J. Fluids Eng. 2013;136(2):021104-021104-6. doi:10.1115/1.4025865 Relative mass entrainment of the water heater jet and comparison with measurements of jets with other initial conditions Figure Legend: