1. Chapter 5 Review: States of Consciousness 1. Sleep and Dreaming 2. Hypnosis 3. Drugs

2. Table 5.1 EEG Patterns Associated with States of Consciousness

3. Biological Rhythms and Sleep *Circadian Rhythms/cycle – 24 hr biological cycles-reacts to changes in darkness and light-OUR BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS –Regulates sleep/other body functions Physiological pathway: –Light levels  retina  suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus  pineal gland  secretion of melatonin=hormone that regulates our biological clock

4. Events that throw off our biological clock Jet Lag (cross times zones)- disrupts Circadian Rhythm

5. Sleep/Waking Research Instruments used in sleep labs: –Electroencephalograph(EEG) – brain electrical activity-shows levels of consciousness-electrodes to scalp –Electromyograph (EMG) – muscle activity –Electrooculograph (EOG)– eye movements –Other bodily functions also observed (heart rate, breathing, pulse)

6. Sleep Stages: Cycling Through Sleep Stage 1: brief, transitional, light sleep, drifting thoughts and images (1-7 minutes) –alpha  theta –hypnic jerks Stage 2: sleep spindles (burst of brain activity on EEG )-you are asleep here (10-25 minutes) Stages 3 & 4: slow-wave or delta sleep (30 minutes to get there and stay for 30 minutes) Stage 4: deepest phase; most difficult to wake from- marked secretion of growth hormone (GH-controls metabolism, physical growth, brain development) Stage 5 or REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Vivid Dreaming relatively deep, also called paradoxical sleep- heart rate, blood pressure 2X that of non-REM; EEG brain waves similar to awake, muscles paralyzed,

7. Sleep Cycle Stages 1-4 called NREM (non-REM)= little dreaming; dreams less vivid, no story line and varied EEG Activity

8. Sleep Cycle: Sleep cycle about four times, with REM short at first then gets longer (40 to 60 minutes) as night progresses Dream 2 hours a night Brain Structures: Reticular activating system (RAS) in brainstem controls sleeping, waking, alertness Acetylcholine=Neurotransmitter most important to sleep/waking

9. Sleep Deprivation Dreaming Necessary –Proof: 1.all mammals dream 2. REM Rebound/Rebound effect = when deprived of REM sleep, spend extra time in REM when able to sleep Rebound Effect -similar for slow wave, deep sleep (level 4) Deprived of REM= anxious, irritable, hungry

10. Why We Dream-4 Theories 1.Freud-wish fulfillment, satisfy unconscious needs/desires (no research to support) manifest Content=story line latent content=meaning and symbols 2. -Cognitive problem solving view-work through everyday problems- (limited empirical support) 3. Activation-Synthesis Model= a story is created to make sense of neural signals that produce “wide awake” brain waved during REM 4. Memory Consolidation/ Information-Processing Dream Theory=REM and slow wave (Deep sleep) “firm up” days learning=may be why babies need more sleep

11. Sleep Disorders Night Terrors – appearance of fear & panic – in NREM, more common in children, no dream or memory of event Insomnia –trouble falling/staying asleep/early waking Medications – benzodiazepine cause rebound insomnia Somnambulism – sleepwalking, for 15-30 min., during slow wave sleep (deep, non- REM)-no memory of event, IS SAFE TO WAKEN THEM! Narcolepsy – falling asleep uncontrollably, from awake to REM for 10 to 20 minutes Sleep Apnea – reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep Nightmares – in REM-more common in children

12. Effects Produced through Hypnosis 1.Anesthesia for pain-WHY? –Diverts Attention 2.Sensory distortions and hallucinations 3.Inhibition (may occur because one feels one is not responsible for behavior) 4.Posthypnotic suggestion –amnesia of hypnotic events, but when pressed, events remembered

13. Hypnosis: Is it an Altered State of Consciousness? Hypnosis = state of increased suggestibility Hypnotic susceptibility: those suggestible will also respond to suggestion without hypnosis No changes in EEG activity from wake to this state Theories of Hypnosis: 1.Role Playing Theory (Spano)-subjects act out expected role-no special state of consciousness 2. It is an altered state of consciousness =proof is surgery without anesthetic 3.Dissociation Theory (.Earnest Hilgard) =hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness, one part – a hidden observer- monitors what is happening while the other part obeys hypnotisms suggestion-similar to highway hypnosis Side Question: Which Perspective would use hypnosis?

14. Psychoactive Drugs: Psychoactive drugs=drugs that change brain chemistry and induce altered state of consciousness How they work: Alter natural levels of neurotransmitters in the brain at synapses: Agonists-drugs that mimic neurotransmitters Antagonists – drugs that block their reuptake, causing more of neurotransmitter in synapses

15. How Drugs Work

16. Psychoactive Drugs Opiates–depresses CNS morphine, heroin; pain relieving=analgesic Depressants- depresses CNS alcohol, sedatives (barbiturates) - slows the CNS Stimulants Increases CNS activity amphetamine, cocaine (BLOCKS REUPTAKE OF DOPAMINE-Pleasure neurotransmitter), nicotine, caffeine – amphetamines used for hyperactivity, narcolepsy, and Binge eating Disorder Hallucinogens/Psychedelics distorts senses and perception, visual and auditory LSD, mescaline, Psilocybin, Marijuana (active ingredient THC)

17. Unit 5 Consciousness MDMA (or ecstasy-MOLLY) mix of amphetamines and hallucinogens  warm, friendly euphoria, sensual, empathetic Drug Terms: Withdrawal- Physical symptoms when no drug Tolerance- needing increasing amount of drug to get same effect Substance Dependence: Physical Dependence=tolerance, and experience withdrawal without it Psychological Dependence-need it to feel a certain way and to perform/function socially