1. Nationalism

2. I. Congress of Vienna A. Ended Napoleonic Wars (1792- 1815) 1.Liberals  ; they wanted democratic reform throughout Europe 2.Staged uprisings against monarchies; most were crushed. B. Redrew many of Europe’s boundaries 1. Separated large groups of people from their traditional homelands

4. C. What is Nationalism? Nationality Belief in a common ethnic ancestry Language Different dialects of one lang.; one will be nat’l language Culture Shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideas) History Common past/experience Religion Religion shared by most of all ppl. Territory Certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; its ‘land’

5. When all of the above criteria are met, and there is an independent form of government, then a nation-state has been established.

6. II. Nationalism A. Powerful force during the 19 th century. B. American & French Revolutions influenced the ppl. Of Latin America to establish independent nations. 1.Independence comes to French, Spanish, & Portuguese colonies

7. a. Toussaint L’Overture (Haiti) i. Ex-slave who became a general & diplomat ii. Seized territory in Haiti & freed slaves iii. Imprisoned by the French; other took up his cause iv. Haiti became a free nation in 1804 b. Simon Bolivar: i. Known as the ‘Liberator’ ii. Led the Venezuelan revolutionaries against Spain iii. After 10 years of fighting, Venezuela won its independence in 1821

8. C. Europe 1. In Europe, a widespread demand for political rights = revolutions & legislative actions. 2. National pride, economic competition, & democratic ideals stimulated nationalism. 3. The Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent & unsuccessful revolutions in 1848.

9. 4. Italy: Became a nation-state along with the rest of Europe. a. Northern Italy: i. Count Camillo di Cavour: became Prime Minister under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. ii. Provokes a war with Austria, with French help, & expels the Austrians from all the territory in Northern Italy, except Venice

10. b. Southern Italy: i. Garibaldi & his followers, the Red Shirts, marched across Southern Italy & won the support of people to unify the south with Sardinia & the north c. Unified Italy i. Northern & Southern united when Garibaldi agreed to step aside & let King Victor Emmanuel II rule all the territory (1861)

11. Garibaldi & Cavour

12. 5. Germany a. Prussia leads the way under Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck i. 1862 appointed Chancellor of the largest German-speaking state, Prussia. ii. Within 10 years, he successfully united all German states iii. Used the policy of Blood & Iron to achieve his goals (warfare for unity) iv. Master of realpolitik: tough policy with no room for idealism; ‘end justifies the means’

14. Otto von Bismarck

16. Unification of Germany,1865–1871

17. b. 3 wars to increase Prussia’s size, strength, territory and prestige. i. 1864: form alliance with Austria to ‘liberate’ German-speaking lands of Schleswig & Holstein form Denmark. Holstein form Denmark. ii. 1866: provoked war with Austria & then defeated her in 7 weeks; took control of defeated her in 7 weeks; took control of Northern Germany. Northern Germany. iii. 1870: Rallied southern Germany by provoking iii. 1870: Rallied southern Germany by provoking war with France war with France a. the Franco-Prussian War. b. France was defeated & Germany was untied and POWERFUL! c. the Second Reich

19. Germany Today Germany Today

20. 3. Great Britain a. Was a contrast with “continental” Europe. b. Expanded political rights through legislative means (Parliament) c. Made slavery illegal in the British Empire

21. III. Old Empires A. Austrian Habsburgs 1. Empire includes German- speaking Austrians & many Slovaks 2. Dual Kingdom of Austria- Hungary created

22. B. Ottoman Turks 1. Eastern Europe to the Balkans, North Africa, & the Middle East 2. 1817:Serbia won autonomy 3. 1830: Greece won independence 4. Greatly weakening

23. IV. Russia A. Serfdom still exists 1.Keeps Russia’s economy backwards b/c there is no incentive 2.1855: Crimean War: Ottomans v. Russians a. Russia is defeated 3.1861: Alexander II emancipates the serfs B. 1890s: Transiberian RR is built C. Turmoil: 1. pogroms: violent mob attacks on Jews; force many to flee