1. By: Ann Wolf

2. plates Earth’s crust isn’t one piece, it’s broken into pieces called plates The plates constantly move all over the world (continental drift) There are 14 different major plates (we are on the North American Plate) http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/ Continents.shtml

3. Alfred Wegener created the idea of a super continent in 1915. Explorers such as Magellan noticed that the continents fit together like puzzle pieces, but Wegener was the first to suggest that the earth’s surface changes over time. He didn’t have any evidence to support his idea, just observations. So many people didn’t believe him. People who supported his idea were called Mobilists, and people who didn’t were called Anti-mobilists http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate2.htm

4. Studies showed that the north pole seemed to wander around in different times. Since the north pole can’t actually move, it proved Wegener’s theory that the continents moved. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/te chist.html

5. Pangaea was a continent until the Carboniferous period (about 300 million years ago) Pangaea means “all lands” http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/te chist.html

6. Some theories in Wegener’s time about continental placement: – a land bridge connected Brazil and Africa, which is how the same fossils were found in both places – Heating and cooling of the land caused it to expand and contract http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/te chist.html

7. Geophysicist and a meteorologist He published Origin of Continents and Oceans in 1915, which stated his ideas about continental drift He thought the continents plowed through the ocean floor Scientists such as Alexander Du Toit and Emile Argand supported his theory http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/we gener.html

8. Convergent Boundaries- Places where plates crush together and crust is destroyed Plates move slowly, so collisions last hundreds of years Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes form from convergent boundaries http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates2.html

9. The cascade range in north America was formed from a convergent boundary Along the western coast of South America, the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate form a continental-oceanic subduction zone http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates2.html

10. The mid-Atlantic ridge is one of the best known. The north American plate and the Eurasian plate separate right in the middle of Iceland. http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates4.html

11. Divergent Boundaries- Places where plates are being pulled apart. The two plates separate and new crust forms. Earthquakes are common and volcanoes form from the magma between the two plates Plate separation is very slow, usually moving about 2cm per year http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates2.html

12. Transform Boundaries- Plates slide past each other and crust is neither created nor destroyed Cause a lot of earthquakes The San Andreas fault cause a massive earthquake in 1906 that destroyed much of San Francisco and killed over 600 people http:// www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates4.html

13. Earthquakes, mudslides, volcanoes, landslides, and trenches can be formed. The only danger to us is mudslides or earthquakes, but they are usually only present near fault lines such as in California MudslideLandslide Mountain http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understa nding.html

14. Map of areas that earthquakes occur -occur at all plate boundaries, but mainly transform boundaries http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understa nding.html

15. Venus’ crust has thickened in the past hundred years Mars has a magnetic field and volcanoes caused by plate tectonics (because it has water, in the form of ice) Saturn’s moon, Titian, has satellite pictures that show plate-tectonic activity http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Plate_tectonics#Plate_tectonics_on_other_planets

16. Earth’s Continental Plates: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astron omy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astron omy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml History of Plate tectonics http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate2.htm Plate Tectonics: History http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/techist.html Earth Floor: Plate tectonics http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr /plates4.html http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr /plates4.html

17. Alfred Wegener http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/wegener. html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/wegener. html Convergent Boundaries http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earths ysflr/plates2.html http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earths ysflr/plates2.html Understanding plate motions http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html Plate Tectonics http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pl ate_tectonics#Plate_tectonics_on_other_planets