1. More is a Problem More But Different GOVERNING ACCESS

2. Cross Cutting Themes Tensions Between National Prerogatives and Globalising Pressures After Radical Reform Moments, 3 Countries Faced Issues Relating to the Inhereted Legacies and New Globalisation Pressures Most Surprising Insight - The End of Exceptionalism Differences on Particular Issues

3. Knowledge Economy Requires more, but Differently Skilled Citizens Expansion Driven First By Inclusion, Recently By Perceived Needs of Knowledge Economy Norway- Growing Population & Economy Czech Republic/Portugal – No Skills Shortage SA – Skills Shortage & Lack of Institutional Capacity Increased Enrolments/Participation Rates

4. Czech Republic N/A – 2.7 Norway 69% - 4.5 Portugal53% - 3.8 SA17% -1.6 Participation Rate/Enrolment Per 100 000

5. In All Countries Problems with Exclusion of Certain Groups External/Internal Exclusions Norway – regions/class Portugal - class Czech Republic – family background South Africa – participation equity All Doing Relatively Well With Gender All Have Problems With Internal Exclusion Massification Broaden Middle Class, But Don’t Eradicate Class Exclusion Exclusion

6. Problem of Dealing With Expanding Enrolments Quality as an Issue of Competitiveness South Africa – main Emphasis on Efficiency Pressure on All Regarding the Best Use Of Resources Capacity

7. Government Level No Government Has Decreased Subsidies Private Higher Education Institutional Level – diversification of income Individual - rising individual cost Affordability

8. Pressure to Change Landscape Portugal- University Private System Declining Norway – Pressure on Binary Divide/Colleges Cech Republic – No Binary System/Growing Private SA – Binary Divide Collapse/ Institutional Confusion Drift Towards Becoming a University Increased Differentiation Within University System While Pretending Equality Differentiation by Institution or Programme? Landscape Changes

9. Globalization Incorporation Globalization = Knowledge Economy (Except Africa) European - Bolonga as Super National Expert Group – OECD / International Economists Global Links

10. Portugal/South Africa Institutions Cannot Be Left To Themselves – Differentiated Policy Norway/Chec Republic Power Shift To Institutions Question of Government Confidence in Higher Education Government-Institution Relations