1. ““Enigmas and Controversy in Science: Examples from Russian Lakes and Madagascar " " “ " Earth2Class Workshops for Teachers Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Originally Presented 19 November 2011

2. Guest Scientist Dr. Dallas Abbott Dr. Dallas Abbott LDEO Adjunct Research Scientist LDEO Adjunct Research Scientist dallas@ldeo.columbia.edu dallas@ldeo.columbia.edudallas@ldeo.columbia.edu

3. 2005 YU55 On 8 Nov 2011, an asteroid the size of an aircraft carrier passed Earth closer than the Moon’s distance. On 8 Nov 2011, an asteroid the size of an aircraft carrier passed Earth closer than the Moon’s distance. Although this “near Earth object” missed Earth, at other times our planet has been clonked hard Although this “near Earth object” missed Earth, at other times our planet has been clonked hard

4. Dr. Dallas Abbott has become one of the leading investigators of data from sea floor studies that explore impacts of asteroids, meteorites, and other extraterrestrial objects in recent (historic) times. Dallas uses evidence from sedimentological and petrologic studies, electron microscopy, and other techniques. Dallas’s work received special attention when it was featured in the “Science Times” on 14 Nov 2008.“Science Times”

5. NYS Science Education Standards Physical Setting: Earth Science 1.2d Asteroids, comets, and meteors are components of our solar system. Asteroids, comets, and meteors are components of our solar system. Impact events have been correlated with mass extinction and global climate change. Impact events have been correlated with mass extinction and global climate change. Impact craters can be identified in Earth's crust. Impact craters can be identified in Earth's crust.

6. Meteor Crater (Barringer Crater) in Arizona was the first recognized http://cass.jsc.nasa.gov/images/scraters/scraters_S10.gif

7. Image taken by MJP while flying westbound to San Diego

8. Image taken by MJP while flying Eastbound from San Diego to NJ

9. Impact craters on land have been known and studied for many years. This STS-9 image of the Manicouagan Crater in northern Canada shows the remains of a collision estimated to have taken place 200 million years ago.Manicouagan CraterCanada http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap001213.html

10. Many other craters have subsequently been identified, especially by remote sensing Earth’s greater gravitation pull probably means it has been hit more, but water, atmospheric weathering, and plate tectonics have destroyed or hidden many impact sites Earth’s greater gravitation pull probably means it has been hit more, but water, atmospheric weathering, and plate tectonics have destroyed or hidden many impact sites More than 250 are known More than 250 are known Mostly within the stable cratons of North America, Africa, Australia, and Europe Mostly within the stable cratons of North America, Africa, Australia, and Europe

11. http://cass.jsc.nasa.gov/publications/slidesets/craters.html

12. Methods to identify impact locations include: Siderophile (‘Fe-loving’) elements (esp. Ir, Os, and Pt) in “impact melt rocks” Siderophile (‘Fe-loving’) elements (esp. Ir, Os, and Pt) in “impact melt rocks” “Shock metamorphism” in “target rocks” and minerals “Shock metamorphism” in “target rocks” and minerals “Shatter cones” “Shatter cones” High-pressure mineral phases, such as stishovite High-pressure mineral phases, such as stishovite “Diaplectic glass” and tektites in “ejecta blankets” “Diaplectic glass” and tektites in “ejecta blankets”

13. Can Microfossils Be Added to This List? In recent studies, Dallas is identifying oceanic microfossils in places where they should not be found. Could their presence be clues to events that had major impacts on Earth’s climate and, consequently, world history? In recent studies, Dallas is identifying oceanic microfossils in places where they should not be found. Could their presence be clues to events that had major impacts on Earth’s climate and, consequently, world history?

14. Some important concepts about impact craters Form when a meteoroid (asteroid or comet) collides with a solid planet or moon Form when a meteoroid (asteroid or comet) collides with a solid planet or moon Clearly seen on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars, where weathering and erosion are slow Clearly seen on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars, where weathering and erosion are slow Often hard to recognize on Earth because of the effects of weathering and erosion Often hard to recognize on Earth because of the effects of weathering and erosion

15. High velocities at which meteoroids collide with Earth explain the great effects from even small objects Velocities range between 11.2 km/sec (escape velocity from Earth) and 72 km/sec (orbital velocity of Earth plus escape velocity of solar system) Velocities range between 11.2 km/sec (escape velocity from Earth) and 72 km/sec (orbital velocity of Earth plus escape velocity of solar system) Kinetic Energy released is proportional to square of velocity Kinetic Energy released is proportional to square of velocity Meteorite impacts are, gram for gram, more than 100x as powerful as TNT! Meteorite impacts are, gram for gram, more than 100x as powerful as TNT!

16. Impact Craters are classified as “Simple” or “Complex” “Simple Craters” are relatively small, have a smooth bowl shape, and depth:diameter ratios of 1:5 to 1:7 “Simple Craters” are relatively small, have a smooth bowl shape, and depth:diameter ratios of 1:5 to 1:7 “Complex Craters” are largely and show the effect of gravitational collapse of the walls to produce a central peak or peak ring “Complex Craters” are largely and show the effect of gravitational collapse of the walls to produce a central peak or peak ring These are illustrated in the next slide These are illustrated in the next slide

17. http://craters.gsfc.nasa.gov/crater_diagram.html

18. One Bad Day 65 million years ago… One of the best studied is the subsurface Chicxulub structure in Mexico, widely accepted at the location of the Cretaceous- Tertiary (K/T) boundary event Evidence from the sea floor has been collected from the JOIDES Resolution drilling ship. There are major differences in microfossils below and above the event. But this is a story for another E2C workshop. One of the best studied is the subsurface Chicxulub structure in Mexico, widely accepted at the location of the Cretaceous- Tertiary (K/T) boundary event Evidence from the sea floor has been collected from the JOIDES Resolution drilling ship. There are major differences in microfossils below and above the event. But this is a story for another E2C workshop.

19. Not exposed at the surface, it has been identified through geophysical studies of the gravitational field. Located at 21.3°N 89.6°W, the structure has a diameter of ~250-280 km. Its age has been calculated at 64.98 ± 0.05 million years http://cass.jsc.nasa.gov/images/scraters/scraters_S37.gif

20. The Consortium for Ocean Leadership’s Deep Earth Academy has created several learning activities based on cores recovered from this important drill site. Check out the “Classroom Resources” section for links to these and other activities.

21. NEAT: Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking In recent years, improved instrumentation has enabled scientists to identify and track asteroids in “Near-Earth” orbits. In recent years, improved instrumentation has enabled scientists to identify and track asteroids in “Near-Earth” orbits. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory provides data through this website. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory provides data through this website.this websitethis website Here is a link to one such object that in 2004 was briefly closer to Earth than the Moon orbits Here is a link to one such object that in 2004 was briefly closer to Earth than the Moon orbitsa link a link

22. More NEO Research NASA Ames Research Center provided an update to Congress (Apr 2007) describing next-generation NEO surveys and options for diverting a threatening object. Click here for the news article. NASA Ames Research Center provided an update to Congress (Apr 2007) describing next-generation NEO surveys and options for diverting a threatening object. Click here for the news article.news articlenews article Because this is of international concern, here is an example of a link to a Near- Earth Object Dynamic Site based at the University of Pisa, Italy. Because this is of international concern, here is an example of a link to a Near- Earth Object Dynamic Site based at the University of Pisa, Italy.Near- Earth Object Dynamic Site Near- Earth Object Dynamic Site

23. Connections between impacts and mass extinctions provide evidence for the still-unproved theory that such events may be the “metronome that sets the cadence for biological evolution on Earth.” (Koeberl and Sharpton)

24. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory provides much more information about impact craters throughout the solar system in their “Welcome to the Planets” web site http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/ http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/

25. Excellent information and classroom activities have been created by the Hawai'i Space Grant College, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i http://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/class_ac ts/CrateringDoc.html http://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/class_ac ts/CrateringDoc.html

26. Chevrons Wedge-shaped sediment deposit found on coastlines and continental interiors around the world Some are active (e.d, Egypt); some seem to be relics (Bahamas) Locally, Hither Hills State Park in LI Madagascar – Fenambosy Australia, White Sands, etc.

27. What forms chevrons? No consensus No consensus Some may result from powerful storms Some may result from powerful storms Holocene Impact Working Group, which includes Dallas, suggest tsunamis caused by meteor impacts Holocene Impact Working Group, which includes Dallas, suggest tsunamis caused by meteor impacts Excellent example of evidence-based arguments Excellent example of evidence-based arguments

28. "I wouldn't expect 99.9 per cent of (the scientific community) to agree with us” --Mark Colvin