3. Early roads in America were simply ruts craved into the ground If it rained, the roads would often turn to muck and become impassable There was a need to improve upon the road system in American with the large movement of people due to westward expansion. Roads Before the Transportation Revolution

4. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

6. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

7. Erie Canal System

8. * The success of the Erie Canal prompted other states to build canals. Benefits of the Erie Canal 1 – It reduced travel time for shipping. 2 – It lowered the costs of shipping goods. 3 – New York City became a center of commerce. 4 – The economy of towns along the canal grew.

9. How a Lock Works In the early days of the canal, when horses and mules walked the towpath, this is how a canal boat passed through a lock:

10. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

11. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

12. Principal Canals in 1840

13. Inland Freight Rates

14. Clipper Ships Incredibly fast sailing ships Most common form of transportation from New York City to San Francisco

15. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

16. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

18. Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “

19. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

20. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

21. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

22. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

23. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

24. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

25. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

26. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

27. z They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

29. Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860 The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

30. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings: *Fletcher v. Peck Peck (1810) *Dartmouth v. Woodward Woodward (1819) *McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland (1819) *Gibbons v. Ogden Ogden (1824) *Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1835) General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848. Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

31. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

32. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

33. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

34. Lowell in 1850

35. Lowell Mill

36. Early Textile Loom

37. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

38. New England Dominance in Textiles

39. Starting for Lowell

40. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

41. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

42. Lowell Mills Time Table

43. Early “Union” Newsletter

44. The Factory Girl’s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.

45. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of wok each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

46. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

47. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

49. Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

50. American Population Centers in 1820

51. American Population Centers in 1860

52. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

53. Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

54. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860