1. The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
Chapter 11
Section 1

2. Bellringer
Pollution increased dramatically in London and other cities during the IR. One effect was the poisoning of the Thames River, which gave rise to water-borne diseases. Here what was the cartoonist attempting to communicate to readers?
The cartoonist is attempting to convey the harmful effects of pollution in the Thames River.

3. Objective
Students will understand the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe.
Students will understand the socialist response to industrialization.

4. Main Ideas
In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum led the way to new industrial frontiers.
Poor working and living conditions led many industrial workers to form socialist political parties and socialist trade unions in a bid to improve their lives.

5. The Second Industrial Revolution
The first IR gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal.
The Second IR gave rise to steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.

6. Steel
In 1855, Henry Bessemer patented a process for making high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply.
Steel would quickly replace iron.

7. Electricity
In 1870s, Zenobe Gramme invented the Gramme Machine, which was the first powerful electric motor.
Thomas Edison invented the incandescent light bulb.
What were would be the effects of these inventions on the factory?
Answer: Factories could remain open 24 hours a day.

8. First Incandescent Light Bulb

9. First Cars

10. Second Industrial Revolution
Inventions Effects
1855: Bessemer process for making steel more efficiently and cheaply
Stronger frameworks for larger buildings and stronger rails for railroad tracks
1860s: Electric generator by Zénobe-Théophile Gramme
Reliable flow of electricity; electrical energy convertible to mechanical energy to run machines
By the 1880s, streetcars and subways were being powered by electricity
1870s: Incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
Longer work hours; faster communication across regions

11. Second Industrial Revolution
Inventions Effects
1903: Airplane by Wright brothers
Increase in speed of travel and movement of goods
1909: Synthetic ammonia by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch
Increase in crop yields from use of chemical fertilizers
1913: Assembly line pioneered by Henry Ford
Increase in efficient mass production of goods; reduction in prices of goods and increase in sales

12. Industrial Production Grew
Due to the increased sales of manufactured goods.
Europeans could afford to buy more consumer goods because of a number of reasons: 1) higher wages; 2) lowers prices on the goods; 3) lower transportation costs; and 5) the assembly line made production more efficient.
Question: Why would manufactured goods drop in prices?
Answer: more efficient processes and transportation

13. Assembly Line
Assembly line was pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, it was a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods.
**The assembly line allowed for mass production of goods.**
Question: How do you think the introduction of the assembly line affected the availability and cost of automobiles?
Assembly Line Video
Produced a car every 16 hours.
Students should say that more cars could be produced more quickly, so labor costs per car dropped. There were more cars available, and the price was lower, so more people could own cars.

14. Economies
Industrialized urban economies (such as those going through an industrialization) experienced high standards of living than agricultural based economies.
Why?

15. Question
What were some effects of the Second Industrial Revolution?

16. **Review Questions**
1) The Second Industrial Revolution was spurred by inventions such as the ________ process for steel production and the use of ________ to power homes and factories. 2) Light bulbs were invented by _________ in the United States. 3) _____ ’s invention of the telephone set off a revolution in communications. 4) Mass transportation improved with the invention of the _______ engine. This engine gave rise to __________ and _________ . 5) Henry Ford’s invention of a new manufacturing method known as the ___________ allowed for the ____________ of goods. 6) In Europe and throughout the world, __________ urban economies experienced a higher ________ than agricultural economies.
1) Bessemer, electricity; 2) Thomas Edison; 3) Alexander Graham Bell; 4) internal-combustion; airplanes, automobiles; 5) assembly line; mass production; 6) tra

17. Organizing the Working Classes
The transition to an industrialized society was very hard on workers. They wanted to improve their working and living conditions. This led many to form socialist political parties and trade unions.

18. Socialism Government owns the means of production.
***In response to the horrible conditions in the industrial factories, in 1848, Karl Marx and Friedich Engels publish The Communist Manifest.
They blamed the horrible working and living conditions on industrial capitalism.

19. Marx’s Theory
He believed that all of world history was a “history of class struggle.” He believed that the oppressors and the oppressed have always stood in constant opposition to one another.
That the oppressors owned the means of production (e.g., the land, raw materials, factories, money) and controlled the government; the oppressed owned nothing and depended on the oppressors.

20. Marx’s Theory
He believed that society was split up between two classes: the bourgeoisie (the middle class – the oppressors) and the proletariat (the working class – the oppressed).
Marx believed the two sides would clash and a violent revolution would occur, ultimately leading to a stateless society.

21. Socialist Parties
Beginning in 1870s Europe, working class leaders began to form socialist political parties based on Marx’s ideas.
These parties would fight against capitalism.

22. Trade Unions
**To improve working conditions, trade unions began to develop. [Note: unions were illegal in the early 1800s in Europe and the U.S.]
**The right to strike was crucial. Union leaders would call a strike, that is, member would stop work in order to pressure employers to meet their demands for higher wages and improved working conditions.

23. Unions
Unions gave us the 8-hour work day and the 40-hour work wee; the minimum wage; child labor laws.

24. Question How was socialism a response to industrialization?
Answer: wanted to improve the poor working conditions brought on by industrial capitalism; wanted the lower class to no longer be oppressed.

25. **Review Questions**
In their publication ________ , Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels blamed ________ for poor conditions in industrial factories.
Marx believed that world history was characterized by ______ struggles over the means of ________ .
Workers organized ________ to improve their working conditions through the right to _______ .
1) Communist Manifesto; industrial capitalism; 2) class; production; 3) trade unions; strike

26. Discussion
What would be the pros and cons if you worked on an assembly line and did just one task all day?
What would be the pros and cons of joining a Marxist party?
Answer: Work would be repetitive and therefore could be done much more quickly; cons might be a worker becoming board or careless.
Answer: Marxists wanted to end the exploitation of the working class; some Marxist believed the violent revolution was the only way to achieve their goals.