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Low Energy COnsumption NETworks Auckland, New Zealand, Nov. 3, 2010 Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: Current Status and Trends Franco Davoli National.

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Presentation on theme: "Low Energy COnsumption NETworks Auckland, New Zealand, Nov. 3, 2010 Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: Current Status and Trends Franco Davoli National."— Presentation transcript:

1 low Energy COnsumption NETworks Auckland, New Zealand, Nov. 3, 2010 Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: Current Status and Trends Franco Davoli National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT) and DIST-University of Genoa Via Opera Pia 13 16145 Genova franco@dist.unige.it ATNAC 2010

2 Outline Reasons for going green Carbon footprint Does the fixed network matter (in terms of consumption and OPEX)? Energy consumption breakdown Taxonomy of Green Networking Approaches Control actuation: ACPI Potential savings (or, is there room for network energy optimization?) Projects Research challenges 2 ATNAC 2010

3  ICT has been historically and fairly considered as a key objective to reduce and monitor “third-party” energy wastes and achieve higher levels of efficiency. – Classical example: Video-Conferencing Services – New example: Smart Electrical Grid  However, until recently, ICT has not applied the same efficiency concepts to itself, not even in fast growing sectors like telecommunications and the Internet.  There are two main motivations that drive the quest for “green” ICT: – the environmental one, which is related to the reduction of wastes, in order to impact on CO 2 emission; – the economic one, which stems from the reduction of operating costs (OPEX) of ICT services. Why Going Green? 3 ATNAC 2010

4 Today, more than 95% of energy is produced by “brown” sources. The renewable energy sources account only for 4%... On the average, the production of 1 kWh is supposed to cause about 0.5 kg of CO 2 - source: International Energy Agency (IEA). The Carbon FootPrint & Energy Consumption 4 Source: “Renewables, Global Status Report 2006,” Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, 2006. ATNAC 2010

5  In the U.S.A.: – A kWh is about $0.10 (US national average billing rate) – 1 TWh is about $100 million  In Italy: – A kWh is about €0.085 (rate based on a typical residential consumption of 2700 kWh for 1 year, under 3 kW) – So, a TWh is €85 million (= ~$125 million) 5 How much does energy cost ? ATNAC 2010

6  Beyond the carbon footprint from direct usage, we have also to take into account the greenhouse gas emissions, needed to produce devices (embodied carbon).  For example, in a PC: – Carbon from usage (energy consumption): 4200 kWh = 2.1 tons of CO 2 (5 years of life) – Embodied carbon: 2000 kWh = 1 ton of CO 2 Source: E. Williams, “Revisiting Energy Used to Manufacture a Desktop Computer: Hybrid Analysis Combining Process and Economic Input-Output Methods,” Proc. IEEE Internat. Symp. on Electronics and the Environment, pp. 80-85, 2004. ATNAC 2010 6 The Embodied Carbon Footprint

7  In the last few years, a large set of telcos, ISPs and public organizations around the world reported statistics of network energy requirements and the related carbon footprint, showing an alarming and growing trend: – Telecom Italia in 2006 has reached more than 2 TWh (about 1% of the total Italian energy demand), increasing by 7.95% with respect to 2005, and by 12.08% to 2004. This energy consumption especially rose from network infrastructures, which contributed 70% of the total energy requirements. Data-centres weighed for 10%, while the remaining 20% is due to other spurious sources (e.g., offices, shops, etc.). – In 2008, British Telecom reported an overall power consumption equal to 2.6 TWh (0.7% of the UK’s energy consumption, the biggest single power consumer in the nation). About 10% of the UK’s entire power consumption in 2007 was related to operating IT equipment. ATNAC 2010 7 Some Data from Telecoms

8 – Deutsche Telekom reported a power consumption of about 3 TWh in 2007, which increased of about 2% with respect to 2006 data. Deutsche Telekom justified this energy consumption increase as the result of: technology developments (DSL), increasing transmission volumes, network expansion; though the figure also includes a small amount of spurious data, they outlined that almost 20% of such energy waste is due to cooling systems. – The power consumption of Verizon during 2006 was 8.9 TWh (about 0.26% of USA energy requirements). – The requirements of Telecom France were about 2 TWh. – The NTT group reports that the amount of electric power in fiscal year 2004 needed for telecommunications in Japan was 4.2 TWh. ATNAC 2010 8 Some Data from Telecoms

9 …and the Future? ATNAC 2010 9 Estimate of the global carbon footprint of ICTs (including PCs, telcos’ networks and devices, printers and datacenters). Source: Smart 2020 report by Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI)

10 …and the Future? ATNAC 2010 10 Energy consumption estimation for the European telcos’ network infrastructures in the “Business-As-Usual” (BAU) and in the Eco sustainable (ECO) scenarios, and cumulative energy savings between the two scenarios. Source: European Commission DG INFSO report

11 …and the Future? ATNAC 2010 11 OPEX estimation related to energy costs for the European telcos’ network infrastructures in the “Business-As-Usual” (BAU) and in the Eco sustainable (ECO) scenarios, and cumulative savings between the two scenarios. Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, F. Cucchietti, “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, in press.

12 Which are the Sources? ATNAC 2010 12 Source: Smart 2020 report by Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI)

13  To support new generation network infrastructures and related services for a rapidly growing customer population, telcos and ISPs need: – an ever larger number of devices, – devices with sophisticated architectures able to perform increasingly complex operations in a scalable way.  The sole introduction of novel low consumption silicon technologies cannot clearly cope with such trends, and be enough for drawing ahead current network equipment towards a greener Future Internet. ATNAC 2010 13 And the Reasons? Evolution from 1993 to 2010 of high-end IP routers’ capacity (per rack) vs. traffic volumes (Moore’s law) and energy efficiency in silicon technologies. Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, F. Cucchietti, “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, in press

14 ATNAC 2010 14 Decomposing the Energy Consumption Typical access, metro and core device density and energy requirements in today’s typical networks deployed by telcos, and ensuing overall energy requirements of access and metro/core networks. Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, F. Cucchietti, “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, in press

15 ATNAC 2010 15 Decomposing the Energy Consumption Estimate of power consumption sources in a generic platform of high-end IP router. Source: R. Tucker, “Will optical replace electronic packet switching?”, SPIE Newsroom, 2007

16  The energy efficiency concept is far from being new in general- purpose silicon for computing systems. – The first support of power management was introduced with the Intel 486-DX processor, and the first official version of the Advanced Configuration & Power Interface (ACPI) standard was published in 1996. – With time, however, more energy-saving mechanisms were introduced and HW enhancements were made, so that general purpose CPUs could consume less power and be more efficient.  Concerning network specific solutions, a large part of modern (packet) network devices is derived from computer technologies; – here, the evolution has proceeded by including each time new ad-hoc HW engines and customized silicon elements for offloading the most complex and time-critical traffic processing operations.  The introduction of network-specific energy-saving technologies and criteria requires to pave new paths in research and industrial development in order to overcome the limitations due to the fact that network device internal elements have very different features and requirements with respect to general-purpose HW. ATNAC 2010 16 The concept of Green Networking

17 ATNAC 2010 17 A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches

18  Re-engineering approaches aim at: – introducing and designing more energy-efficient elements for network device architectures – suitably dimensioning and optimizing the internal organization of devices – reducing their intrinsic complexity levels. ATNAC 2010 18 Re-engineering

19  Adoption of pure optical switching architectures: – They can potentially provide terabits of bandwidth at much lower power dissipation than current network devices. – But their widespread adoption is still hindered by technological challenges: problems mainly regard the limited number of ports and the feasibility of suitable buffering schemes.  Decreasing feature sizes in semiconductor technology have contributed to performance gains: – allowing higher clock frequencies – designing improvements such as increased parallelism. – the same technology trends have also allowed for a decrease in voltage that has reduced the power per byte transmitted by half every two years, as suggested by Dennard’s scaling law. ATNAC 2010 19 Re-engineering Energy-Efficient Silicon

20  Roberts proposed a radical new concept for traffic lookup, which allows next-generation routers forwarding traffic at the flow levels. – This approach certainly leads to a more scalable and simple network device architecture with respect to the current ones, which forward traffic at the packet level. Source: L. G. Roberts, “A Radical New Router”, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 34-39, July 2009.  Baldi and Ofek suggest a synchronous time-based IP switching approach, which allows synchronizing the operation of routers and scheduling traffic in advance. Source: M. Baldi, Y. Ofek, “Time for a “Greener” Internet,” Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009. ATNAC 2010 20 Re-engineering Complexity Reduction

21  The dynamic adaptation of network/device resources is designed to modulate capacities of packet processing engines and of network interfaces, to meet actual traffic loads and requirements.  This can be performed by using two power-aware capabilities, namely, dynamic voltage scaling and idle logic, which both allow the dynamic trade-off between packet service performance and power consumption. ATNAC 2010 21 Dynamic Adaptation

22 ATNAC 2010 22 Dynamic Adaptation Standard operations Idle logic Power scaling Idle + power scaling Wakeup and sleeping times Increased service times Wakeup and sleeping + increased service times

23  Green Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 az): – First version: Adaptive Link Rate proposed by Christensen and Nordman Background: ATNAC 2010 23 Dynamic Adaptation IEEE 802.3 az 0 5 10 15 Link speed (Mb/sec ) Power (W) 10100100010000 Typical Power Consumption of Ethernet interfaces at different link speeds

24 Idea: switch the Ethernet link speed according to incoming traffic volumes. Effect: perform a link re-negotiation at each link speed switch: - proposal of a new mechanims for link speed negotiation. - need of interfacing Ethernet PHY chips with frame Tx queues Source: C. Gunaratne, K. Christensen, S. Suen, B. Nordman, “Reducing the Energy Consumption of Ethernet with an Adaptive Link Rate (ALR),” IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 448-461, Apr. 2008. ATNAC 2010 24 Dynamic Adaptation IEEE 802.3 az

25  Final Version: based on the “low power idle” concept, proposed by Intel. – Idea: transmit data at the maximum speed, and put the link to sleep when it is idle. – Effect: LPI has two transitions for each packet (or block of packets) : Link wake-up and sleep LPI can possibly be asynchronous (one direction awake, the other asleep) Retraining can be done via periodic on intervals (if no packets are being sent) LPI requires no complicated handshaking ATNAC 2010 25 Dynamic Adaptation IEEE 802.3 az

26 ATNAC 2010 26 Dynamic Adaptation IEEE 802.3 az

27  In PC-based devices, the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) provides a standardized interface between the hardware and the software layers.  ACPI introduces two power saving mechanisms, which can be individually employed and tuned for each core: – Power States (C-states) C 0 is the active power state C 1 through C n are processor sleeping or idle states (where the processor consumes less power and dissipates less heat). – Performance States (P-states) while in the C 0 state, ACPI allows the performance of the core to be tuned through P-state transitions. P-states allow to modify the operating energy point of a processor/core by altering the working frequency and/or voltage, or throttling the clock. ATNAC 2010 27 Dynamic Adaptation SW Routers & ACPI

28  The multi-core/cpu SW router architecture: ATNAC 2010 28 Dynamic Adaptation SW Routers & ACPI High speed interfaces Slow speed interfaces Un-bound CPUs/Cores for application services At least one Rx ring and multiple Tx rings for each forwarding core Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, “PC- based Software Routers: High Performance and Application Service Support,” Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM PRESTO 2008 Workshop, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 27-32.

29 ATNAC 2010 29 Dynamic Adaptation SW Routers & ACPI Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Ranieri, “Green Support for PC-based Software Router: Performance Evaluation and Modeling”, Proc. IEEE ICC 2009, Dresden, Germany, June 2009. Best Paper Award. [MHz]

30  Sleeping/standby approaches are used to smartly and selectively drive unused network/device portions to low standby modes, and to wake them up only if necessary.  However, – since today’s networks and related services and applications are designed to be continuously and always available, – standby modes have to be explicitly supported with special techniques able to maintain the “network presence” of sleeping nodes/components. ATNAC 2010 30 Sleeping/standby

31  Scenario: networked hosts (PCs, consumer electronics, etc.);  Problem: when an end-host enters standby mode, it freezes all network services, and it is not able to maintain its network presence;  Idea: introduce a Network Connection Proxy (NCP), which is devoted to maintain the network presence of sleeping hosts. ATNAC 2010 31 Sleeping/standby Proxying the Network Presence Sleeping hostNCPInternet Continuous and full connectivity Wakeup/sleep messages Application- specific messages Zzzzz… I want to sleep Source: M. Allman, K. Christensen, B. Nordman, V. Paxson, “Enabling an Energy-Efficient Future Internet Through Selectively Connected End Systems,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM HotNets, Atlanta, GA, Nov. 2007.

32  Scenario: Core Networks  Idea: put links, interfaces and part of nodes (e.g., line- cards) to sleep  Problem: Network stability, convergence times at multiple levels (e.g., MPLS traffic engineering + IP routing) ATNAC 2010 32 Sleeping/standby Proxying the Network Presence Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Cianfrani, M. Listanti, “Introducing Standby Capabilities into Next- generation Network Devices,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM PRESTO Workshop, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Nov. 2010.

33  Solution: they exploited two features already present in today’s networks and devices: – network resource virtualization – modular architecture of network nodes.  This approach allows to: – Put physical resources to sleep (e.g., links, linecards, etc.); – Move the logical entities working on physical elements going to sleep, to other physical elements on the device.  If suitable L2 protocols are used, the complexity of standby management can be hidden from the IP layer, and totally managed inside traffic engineering procedures. ATNAC 2010 33 Sleeping/standby Proxying the Network Presence

34  The previously mentioned green technologies allow designing new-generaration network devices, characterized by “energy profiles” ATNAC 2010 34 The Potential Impact Decreasing Device Workload Energy Consumption Full LoadIdle Standby Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, K. Christensen, F. Cucchietti, F. Davoli, and S. Singh, “The Potential Impact of Green Technologies in Next- Generation Wireline Networks – Is There Room for Energy Saving Optimization?,“ IEEE Communication Magazine (COMMAG), Special Topic in “Green Communications,“ Nov. 2010, in press.

35 ATNAC 2010 35 The Potential Impact Network load statistics and topology data 2015-2020 network forecast: device density and energy requirements (example based on Italian network) Home/Access Metro/Transport/Core target Source: forecast based on: carrier grade topologies; traffic analysis and indicators (ETSI TR 102530, ODYSSEE) and projected traffic load. Sources: 1) BroadBand Code of Conduct V.3 (EC-JRC) and “inertial” technology improvements to 2015-2020 (home and access cons.) 2) Telecom Italia measurements and evaluations (power consumption of metro/core network and number of devices) Device internal sources of energy consumption Sources: Information from vendors. Sources: BroadBand Code of Conduct V.3 (EC-JRC) and technology improvements to 2015-2020.

36 Network load statistics and topology data 2015-2020 network forecast: device density and energy requirements ECONET target Device internal sources of energy consumption 717 Wh 225 Wh Power Consumption [Wh] Working at 100% Full LoadIdleStandby Full load power consumption (W) Number of devices (relative) Overall full consumption (GWh /year) Gains Energy gains with ECONET technologies (GWh / year) Access1,28027,34430770%213 This value of standby power consumption refers to the case where all cable- connected users are not active. In the reality the ECONET technologies will enable access devices’ ports to selectively enter standby modes. 1 - 774 Wh X X The Potential Impact

37 Full LoadIdleStandbyFull LoadIdleStandbyFull LoadIdleStandbyFull LoadIdleStandby Overall Energy Gains full load power consumption (Wh)number of devicesOverall full consumption (GWh/year)GainsEnergy gains with ECONET technologies (GWh /year) Home1017,500,000153370%1060 Access1,28027,34430770%213 Metro/transport6,0001,7509254%49 Core10,0001751558%9 Overall gain68% Total BAU [GWh / year]1947Total ECONET gains [GWh / year]1331 Energy effic. target State dependent energy consumption of devices Network load statistics and topology data Home/access Network load statistics and topology data Home/access Network load statistics and topology data Metro/transport/core Network load statistics and topology data Metro/transport/core Customers’ savings1060 GWh/year Networks’ savings270 GWh/year Per-customer money savings Direct (Home)Indirect (Telco)Total At today’s energy cost12€2€14€ At 2020 energy cost*30€6€36€ * Based on past 5-year trends in energy costs after inflation The Potential Impact

38  The figures resulting from our calculations on this basis outline that GNTs can allow – saving about 68% of energy requirements of the overall network, and – an OPEX reduction for the single reference Telco of about 33 M$/year, due to a gain of 271 GWh/year in the energy consumption of wireline infrastructures.  These figures are the upper bounds of what could be attained, whereas the actual savings will depend on the extent of the adoption of the new methodologies.  The technology to achieve these savings is there.  At this point, the only question that remains open is whether these numbers will be impressive enough to convince research and industrial communities to set forth the actual development of a greener Internet.  Whereas telcos should be encouraged by the potential OPEX reduction, customers and Regulators would also support the process, once provided with a simple and clear explanation of their own cost savings, especially if guaranteed by certification authorities (e.g., Energy Star). ATNAC 2010 38 The Potential Impact

39  ECONET (low Energy COnsumption NETworks) – EU FP7 Integrated Project (IP)  TREND (Towards Real Energy-efficient Network Design) – EU FP7 Network of Excellence (NoE)  EFFICIENT (Energy eFFIcient teChnologIEs for the Networks of Tomorrow) – Italian National Project (PRIN 2008) ATNAC 2010 39 Ongoing Projects

40  Goals: re-thinking and re-designing network equipment towards more energy-sustainable and eco-friendly technologies and perspectives.  The overall idea is to introduce novel green network-specific paradigms and concepts enabling the reduction of energy requirements of wired network equipment by 50% in the short/mid-term (and by 80% in the long run) with respect to the business-as-usual scenario.  To this end, the main challenge is to design, develop and test novel technologies, integrated control criteria and mechanisms for network equipment allowing energy saving by dynamically adapting the device capacities and consumptions to current traffic loads and user requirements. ATNAC 2010 40 Ongoing Projects

41 ATNAC 2010 41 Ongoing Projects

42 Green Abstraction Layer ATNAC 2010 42 Ongoing Projects

43 ATNAC 2010 43 Ongoing Projects ECONET Testbed @ TELIT Test Plant

44  Goals: integrating the activities of major European players to quantitatively asses the energy demand of current and future telecom infrastructures, and to design energy-efficient, scalable and sustainable future networks, considering both the backbone, and the wireless and wired access segments  collecting data to assess the power consumption of terminals, devices and infrastructures, to quantify the current energy needs and their expected evolution and scaling laws  identifying energy-friendly technologies, devices, protocols and architectures, and evaluating how they can be introduced in operational networks  defining new energy-aware network design criteria, balancing the attention to optimal performance and resource allocation with the minimization of energy requirements  experimentally proving the effectiveness of the proposed approaches ATNAC 2010 44 Ongoing Projects TREND

45 ATNAC 2010 45 Ongoing Projects TREND

46  Modelling green devices and networks  For two purposes Control and optimization (fluid models, performance bounds, closed-loop strategies [but which timing?], parametric optimization) Performance analysis (queueing models with vacations and setup times at the device level; traffic engineering [at which layer?] at the network level), indications on scalability  Experimental activity on test sites  Real equipment  Network emulation (e.g., router tester) ATNAC 2010 46 A few words about research challenges…

47  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, F. Cucchietti, “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures,“ IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials (IEEE COMST), to appear.  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, K. Christensen, F. Cucchietti, F. Davoli, and S. Singh, “The Potential Impact of Green Technologies in Next-Generation Wireline Networks – Is There Room for Energy Saving Optimization?,” IEEE Communication Magazine (IEEE COMMAG), Special Topic in “Green Communications,” Nov. 2010, in press.  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Carrega, F. Davoli, “An Analytical Model for Designing and Controlling New- Generation Green Devices,” Proc. 3rd IEEE Workshop on Green Communications (GreenCom), co-located with GLOBECOM 2010, Miami, FL, USA. Winner of the Best Paper Award.  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Cianfrani, M. Listanti, “Introducing Standby Capabilities into Next-generation Network Devices,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Programmable Routers for Extensible Services of Tomorrow (ACM SIGCOMM PRESTO), Philadelphia, PA, USA, Nov. 2010.  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Carrega, F. Davoli, "Theoretical and technological limitations of power scaling in network devices", Proc. Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conf. 2010 (ATNAC 2010), Auckland, New Zealand, Nov. 2010.  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Ranieri “Green Support for PC-based Software Router: Performance Evaluation and Modeling,” Proc. 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC 2009), Dresden, Germany, June 2009. Winner of the Best Paper Award. ATNAC 2010 47 References

48  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi and F. Davoli, “Energy-aware Performance Optimization for Next Generation Green Network Equipment”, Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2009 Workshop on Programmable Routers for Extensible Services of Tomorrow (ACM PRESTO 2009), Barcelona, Spain, Aug. 2009, pp. 49-54.  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, “Energy-aware Resource Adaptation for Next Generation Network Equipment,” Proc. 2009 IEEE Global Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM 2009), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, Dec. 2009.  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Carrega, F. Davoli, “Green Network Technologies and the Art of Trading-off,” submitted to IEEE Infocom 2011.  R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Cianfrani, M. Listanti, “Backbone Networks to Sleep,” submitted to IEEE Network Magazine, Special Issue on “Green Networking”. ATNAC 2010 48 References


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