1. Itacil C. Gomes I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment inc. Project X Forum on Spallation Sources for Particle Physics March 19-20, 2012 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

2.  Calculations Presented in the AHIPA’09 Targets for Comparison Actinides Production and Decay  Ac-225 Experiment Design of the Experiment Results  Conclusions I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

3.  This study compares Thorium and Uranium target bombarded by Protons 200MeV and 2GeV with the same total beam power (500kW).  The 200 MeV Thorium target was modeled with 2-cm radius and 4.1cm thick.  The 200 MeV Uranium target was modeled with 2-cm radius and 2.5-cm thick.  The 2GeV Thorium and Uranium targets were modeled with 2-cm radius and 30-cm thick.  Natural densities were used in all cases.  The P-beam uniform over a 0.7-cm radius I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

4.  This analysis concentrated on high Z alpha-emitters but similar results are available for fission products.  The production rates were calculated using the MCNPX code with the CEM03.3 event generator.  The Thorium target have a higher production rate than the Uranium target in all alpha-emitters with Z<90.  The in the curves of production rate are considered all isotopes created and no consideration is given for the decay of the produced isotopes.  The CINDER 07.4 code was used to analyze post- production activity in the target. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

5. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

6. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

7. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

8. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

9. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

10. Experimental Validation: Irradiation of a Thorium Target with a 8GeV Proton Beam In August, 2009 an Invention Report was filled by I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc and the Physics Division of the Argonne National Laboratory about the production of Ac-225 for medical applications by Th irradiated by HE protons and subsequently a patent application was filed. In the beginning of 2010 DOE granted NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes, LLC a project to perform experimental validation of the “ Production of Actinium-225 via High Energy Proton Induced Spallation of Thorium-232” The irradiation was set to be performed in the Fermilab’s 8-GeV booster synchrotron at the beam dump entrance. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

11. The design of the experiment was performed by I.C.Gomes C&I Inc and Argonne. Calculations indicated that a beam current of 1.32x10 11 protons per second (total of 8x10 16 protons, 1wk irradiation) was appropriate. Th target with Cu cover: Initial estimation of the activity (Ci) of actinium for a 2cm 3 Th target was: Estimated activity of all alpha emitters after 10 days of irradiation was : Actinium IsotopesAll Alpha Emitters (including Ac) 10 days after EOI1.88x10 -04 2.29x10 -03 30 days after EOI6.33x10 -05 9.89x10 -04 I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

12. The impact of the presence of the target on the beam dump entrance : Concerns about heating the target: Beam Power: ~170W Calculated heating deposition: ~1W Estimated maximum temperature just by radiation cooling: ~220 o C Estimated very slow temp. raise: >>10 minutes from 25 o C to 220 o C Fraction of DOE CAT-3 threshold : Neutron Current With the Target Present Surface180 o to 150 o 150 o to 120 o 120 0 to 90 o 90 o to 60 o 60 o to 30 o 30 o to 0 o Entrance Target8.80E-021.56E-016.63E-020.0 Exit Target5.75E-021.77E-024.52E-032.61E-013.15E-011.47E-01 Tunnel Entrance6.50E-012.24E-015.64E-023.46E-013.15E-011.47E-01 Neutron Current Without the Presence of any Target Material Entrance Target3.51E-039.58E-041.93E-040.0 Exit Target5.73E-021.59E-023.44E-030.0 Tunnel Entrance6.44E-012.01E-014.41E-028.15E-051.18E-051.74E-06 After 7 days of Irradiation10 days after the EOI30 days after the EOI 2x1x1cm 3 Target1.43x10 -03 5.43x10 -04 2.11x10 -04 I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

13. The Experimental Results – the volume of the irradiated target was 2.95cm 3 not 2cm 3 : Beam Profile on the Copper Cover Plate: Activity was measured at several points Y-direction: FWHM = 0.6cm, Center = -0.2cm X-direction: FWHM = 2.4cm, center = -0.5cm I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

14. Beam Intensity on Target - Temporal Profile : DateEvent 13Event 15Event 16Event 17Event 1CTotal June 1 8.79E+122.73E+143.45E+121.05E+16–1.07E+16 June 2 1.38E+145.39E+149.84E+122.24E+162.86E+133.39E+16 June 3 1.98E+142.09E+146.36E+122.56E+162.20E+146.01E+16 June 4 1.97E+145.40E+141.13E+132.56E+16–8.64E+16 June 5 ≤ 8AM 5.24E+13–5.74E+129.60E+15–9.60E+16 June 5 > 8 AM 1.24E+142.95E+144.52E+12––9.64E+16 June 6 1.65E+146.73E+148.84E+12––9.73E+16 June 7 1.15E+143.32E+146.01E+12––9.77E+16 Totals 1.00E+152.86E+155.66E+139.36E+162.49E+14 Ac-225Ac-227Ra-225Th-227Ra-223 Calculated Activity2.510.0040.570.861.22 Measured (±1σ TPU)2.08±0.200.003±0.0010.49±0.110.86±0.110.77±0.09 Table: Activities of actinium and related radioisotopes in millicuries The calculated beam profile was input in MCNPX model and the irradiation temporal profile was input in the CINDER code for calculating production rates. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

15. Ra-223Ra-225Ac-225Ac-227Th-227 Calculated x-sec7.094.8916.013.69.84 LANL5.0±0.63.0±0.313.5±0.720.8±3.112.0±1.0 This Work (±1σ TPU)4.5±0.54.2±0.913.3±1.310.2±3.49.8±1.3 Table : Comparison of calculated and measured cross sections for selected isotopes Be-7Sc-46V-48Cr-51Mn-54Fe-59Co-56Co-57Co-58Co-60 Production x-sec (mb)9.705.588.7816.622.21.677.6724.227.814.0 Published X-Sec 6.22± 0.21 13.11± 0.37 18.02± 1.38 13.36± 0.56 1.23± 0.22 7.12± 0.30 17.72± 1.64 23.53± 0.77 10.12± 0.53 Table : Production “cross section” extracted from the MCNPX calculated production rate for the spallation products in the copper front plate of the target. Also MCNPX calculated spallation products cross sections of the copper were compared with published values. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab

16.  There a considerable production of highly desirable alpha- emitters by HE protons on thorium targets.  The design performed for the irradiation experiment at Fermilab has been shown as highly reliable.  The simulation by MCNPX/CINDER of spallation product production/decay by 8GeV proton beam are in good agreement with experimental results (remember TFTR).  Performing a careful modeling of an experimental setup can provide valuable insight of the expect outcome of the irradiation.  As an old conclusion (from AHIPA’09): Thorium has a higher production rate of alpha-emitters with Z<90 than uranium. I.C.Gomes Consulting & Investment Inc. Project-X – March 19-20, 2012 - Fermilab