1. Golgi Apparatus Stacked and flattened membranous sacs Stacked and flattened membranous sacs Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins Transport vessels from the ER fuse with the cis face of the Golgi apparatus Transport vessels from the ER fuse with the cis face of the Golgi apparatus

2. Golgi Apparatus Proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus to the trans face Proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus to the trans face Secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell Secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell

3. Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.20a

4. Role of the Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.21 Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Vesicle incorporated into plasma membrane Coatomer coat Lysosomes containing acid hydrolase enzymes Phagosome Proteins in cisterna Membrane Vesicle Pathway 3 Pathway 2 Secretory vesicles Proteins Pathway 1 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

5. Lysosomes Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins Degrade nonfunctional organelles Degrade nonfunctional organelles Breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone Breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone

6. Lysosomes Breakdown nonuseful tissue Breakdown nonuseful tissue Breakdown bone to release Ca 2+ Breakdown bone to release Ca 2+ Secretory lysosomes are found in white blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes Secretory lysosomes are found in white blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes

7. Endomembrane System System of organelles that function to: System of organelles that function to: Produce, store, and export biological molecules Produce, store, and export biological molecules Degrade potentially harmful substances Degrade potentially harmful substances System includes: System includes: Nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane Nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane

8. Endomembrane System Figure 3.23

9. Peroxisomes Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases Detoxify harmful substances Detoxify harmful substances Neutralize dangerous free radicals Neutralize dangerous free radicals Free radicals – highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons (i.e., O 2 – ) Free radicals – highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons (i.e., O 2 – )

10. Cytoskeleton The “skeleton” of the cell The “skeleton” of the cell Dynamic series of rods running through the cytosol Dynamic series of rods running through the cytosol Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

11. Microtubules Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin Determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles Determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles

12. Microfilaments Dynamic strands of the protein actin Dynamic strands of the protein actin Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane Brace and strengthen the cell surface Brace and strengthen the cell surface Function in endocytosis and exocytosis Function in endocytosis and exocytosis

13. Intermediate Filaments Tough, insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength Tough, insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength Resist pulling forces on the cell and help form desmosomes Resist pulling forces on the cell and help form desmosomes

14. Cytoskeleton Figure 3.24a-b

15. Cytoskeleton Figure 3.24c

16. Motor Molecules Protein complexes that function in motility Protein complexes that function in motility Powered by ATP Powered by ATP Attach to receptors on organelles Attach to receptors on organelles

17. Motor Molecules Figure 3.25a

18. Motor Molecules Figure 3.25b

19. Centrioles Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus Nine triplets of microtubules Nine triplets of microtubules Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis Form the bases of cilia and flagella Form the bases of cilia and flagella

20. Centrioles Figure 3.26a, b

21. Cilia Whip-like, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells Whip-like, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells Contain nine doublets of microtubules and one central pair Contain nine doublets of microtubules and one central pair Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces

22. Cilia Figure 3.27a

23. Cilia Figure 3.27b

24. Cilia Figure 3.27c

25. Nucleus Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin Gene-containing control center of the cell Gene-containing control center of the cell Contains the blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins Contains the blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized

26. Nucleus Figure 3.28a

27. Nuclear Envelope Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm

28. Nuclear Envelope Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded with ribosomes Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded with ribosomes Inner membrane is the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus Inner membrane is the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules

29. Nucleoli Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus Site of ribosome production Site of ribosome production

30. Chromatin Threadlike strands of DNA and histones Threadlike strands of DNA and histones Arranged in units called nucleosomes Arranged in units called nucleosomes Form condensed chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide - supercoiling Form condensed chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide - supercoiling Figure 3.29

31. Figure 3.30 Cell Cycle Interphase Interphase Growth (G 1 ), synthesis (S), growth (G 2 ) Growth (G 1 ), synthesis (S), growth (G 2 ) Mitotic phase Mitotic phase Mitosis and cytokinesis Mitosis and cytokinesis

32. Interphase 1. G 1 (gap 1) – metabolic activity and vigorous growth 2. S (synthetic) – DNA replication 3. G 2 (gap 2) – preparation for division G 0 – cells that permanently cease dividing G 0 – cells that permanently cease dividing