1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU Why might this creature interest.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU Why might this creature interest you if you were a chemist? Fugu, also known as puffer fish, is a sushi delicacy that can also be lethal. Recently this toxin has been put to good use, as scientists have discovered that a purified form of it can treat severe pain in cancer patients.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 2 Today’s Objectives Identify five traditional areas of study in Chemistry Relate pure Chemistry to applied Chemistry Identify reasons to study Chemistry Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What Is Chemistry? The trees, the water, and the buildings in the figure are all examples of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What Is Chemistry? Chemistry answers many questions you may have about the world you live in. Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What Is Chemistry? Chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events because all living and nonliving things are made of matter.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Everything is made up of matter; therefore, everything contains chemicals. Even all-natural products are made of chemicals. What is wrong with an advertisement for juice drinks that claims the juice is all- natural and free of chemicals?

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 9 Applied Chemistry Applied Chemistry – is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Areas of Study Five traditional areas of study are: organic chemistry inorganic chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon. Most chemicals found in organisms contain carbon. Areas of Study

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Areas of Study The study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon is called inorganic chemistry. Many inorganic chemicals are found in nonliving things, such as rocks.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Areas of Study The study of processes that take place in living organisms is biochemistry. These processes include muscle contraction and digestion.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The area of study that focuses on the composition of matter is analytical chemistry. A task that would fall into this area of chemistry is measuring the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Areas of Study

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. Areas of Study

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The boundaries between the five areas are not firm. A chemist is likely to be working in more than one area of chemistry at any given time. For example, an organic chemist uses analytical chemistry to determine the composition of an organic chemical. Areas of Study

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 18 Why Study Chemistry? Everyone and everything around us involves chemistry – explains our world Helps you make choices; helps make you a better informed citizen A possible career for your future

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Which area of study would you use to determine the components of an unknown liquid? A.physical chemistry B.biochemistry C.organic chemistry D.analytical chemistry

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Which area of study would you use to determine the components of an unknown liquid? A.physical chemistry B.biochemistry C.organic chemistry D.analytical chemistry

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Big Ideas in Chemistry Some of chemistry’s big ideas are as follows: chemistry as the central science electrons and the structure of atoms bonding and interactions reactions kinetic theory the mole and quantifying matter matter and energy carbon chemistry

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Chemistry overlaps with all of the other sciences. Many physicists, biologists, astronomers, geologists, environmental scientists, and others use chemistry in their work. BIG IDEA Chemistry as the Central Science

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Carbon, oxygen, and copper are all examples of elements. Elements are composed of particles called atoms, and every atom contains a nucleus and one or more electrons. The type of products obtained in a chemical reaction is largely determined by the electrons in the reacting chemicals. BIG IDEA Electrons and the Structure of Atoms

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Most elements exist in chemical compounds, which are collections of two or more elements held together by relatively strong attractive forces. These forces, called chemical bonds, greatly influence the properties of compounds. –Weak bonds between the particles of an element or compound can also contribute to the properties of the material. BIG IDEA Bonding and Interactions

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Chemical reactions involve processes in which reactants produce products. –When you strike a match, the compounds in the head of the match combine with oxygen in the air to produce a flame. –New compounds, along with light and heat, are formed. –The compounds in the match head and oxygen are the reactants, and the new compounds are the products. BIG IDEA Reactions

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The particles of matter are in constant motion. –The ways in which these motions vary with changes in temperature and pressure determine whether a substance will be a solid, liquid, or gas. BIG IDEA Kinetic Theory

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In conducting a chemical reaction, you would want to use just the right amount of the reacting material so none is wasted. This precise measurement is possible using the mole, the chemist’s invaluable unit for specifying the amount of material. BIG IDEA The Mole and Quantifying Matter

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Every chemical process uses or produces energy, often in the form of heat. –The heat changes that occur in chemical reactions are easy to measure. Changes in a quantity called free energy allow you to predict whether a chemical reaction will actually occur under the given conditions. BIG IDEA Matter and Energy

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. There are about 10 million carbon-containing compounds, with new ones being prepared each day. –Many of these compounds, including plastics and synthetic fibers, are produced from petroleum. Carbon compounds are the basis of life in all living organisms. BIG IDEA Carbon Chemistry

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Key Concepts Some of chemistry’s big ideas are chemistry as the central science, electrons and the structure of atoms, bonding and interactions, reactions, kinetic theory, the mole and quantifying matter, matter and energy, and carbon chemistry. Chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events because all living and nonliving things are made of matter. Five traditional areas of study are organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Glossary Terms matter: anything that has mass and occupies space chemistry: the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes organic chemistry: the study of compounds containing carbon inorganic chemistry: the study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon biochemistry: the area of chemistry that focuses on processes that take place in organisms

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Glossary Terms analytical chemistry: the area of chemistry that focuses on the composition of matter physical chemistry: the area of chemistry that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change pure chemistry: the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake applied chemistry: research that is directed toward a practical goal or application

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry 1.2 Chemistry and You 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist 1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 37 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why Study Chemistry? Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 38 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why Study Chemistry? Explaining the Natural World why cut apples turn brown upon exposure to air. Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work. For example, chemistry can explain:

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 39 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why Study Chemistry? Explaining the Natural World why cut apples turn brown upon exposure to air. why the texture of eggs changes from runny to firm as eggs are boiled. why water expands as it freezes. why sugar dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water. why yeast makes bread dough rise. Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work. For example, chemistry can explain:

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 40 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why Study Chemistry? Preparing for a Career Chemists contribute to society in many ways. You do not need to have the word chemist in your job title to benefit from understanding chemistry. Turf managers have the important task of keeping the grass on golf courses, lawns, and soccer fields healthy.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 41 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why Study Chemistry? Preparing for a Career Chemists contribute to society in many ways. You do not need to have the word chemist in your job title to benefit from understanding chemistry. A firefighter must know which chemicals to use to fight different types of fires.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 42 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why Study Chemistry? Being an Informed Citizen You may vote directly on some issues through ballot initiatives or indirectly through the officials you elect. You will need to make choices that will influence the direction of scientific research.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 43 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Which of the following careers would require some understanding of chemistry? A.chef B.doctor C.farmer D.all of the above

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 44 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Which of the following careers would require some understanding of chemistry? A.chef B.doctor C.farmer D.all of the above

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 46 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Many basic items you use every day, such as the sneakers you wear or the cereal you eat, are products of technology. Chemistry, Technology, and Society Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 47 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Modern research in chemistry can lead to technologies that aim to benefit the environment, conserve and produce energy, improve human life, and expand our knowledge of the universe. Chemistry, Technology, and Society

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 48 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Materials and the Environment Chemists don’t just study matter—they also use what they know about the structure and properties of matter to make new materials with different or improved properties. For example, chemistry has played a large role in developing plastics for different uses. Chemistry, Technology, and Society

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 49 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Interpret Graphs Note: The amount of plastics packaging in U.S. waste includes plastics packaging that is to be recycled. Although plastics are a part of most of our daily lives, there is concern that their use is taking a toll on the environment and on natural resources. Year 15,000 12,500 10,000 7500 5000 2500 0 Waste produced (thousands of tons) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 50 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Most plastics are made using petrochemicals, which are chemical products derived from petroleum. The supply of petrochemicals is limited. There has been demand for plastics that are better for the environment, such as the bioplastic shown at right, which is made from corn. Chemistry, Technology, and Society

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 51 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. A knowledge of chemistry was necessary to develop the batteries that run gasoline- electric hybrid cars. Chemists help design materials that collect energy from the sun that is then converted to electricity. Chemistry, Technology, and Society Energy There are only two ways to meet the rising global demand for energy—conserve it or produce more of it. Chemistry plays an essential role in both of these options.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 52 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Medicine and Biotechnology Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients. Chemistry can also develop materials to repair or replace body parts. Diseased arteries can be replaced with plastic tubes. Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics can replace worn-out joints. Chemistry, Technology, and Society

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 53 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Biotechnology applies science to the production of biological products or processes. It uses techniques that can alter DNA in living organisms. When genes from humans are inserted into bacteria, the bacteria act as factories that produce chemicals of importance to humans, such as insulin. Chemistry, Technology, and Society Medicine and Biotechnology

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 54 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Universe To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth. This vehicle was designed to determine the chemical composition of rocks and soil on Mars. Data collected at the vehicle’s landing site indicated that the site was once drenched with water. Chemistry, Technology, and Society

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 55 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU How can chemistry be used to find evidence of life on other planets? By analyzing light from stars, scientists can study their composition, and data gathered by probes can be used to analyze matter in space.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 57 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Name one way in which chemistry has been used to help modern society conserve energy. Some possible answers include: batteries used in gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles materials used in solar-power generation

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 59 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Key Concepts Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens. Modern research in chemistry can lead to technologies that aim to benefit the environment, improve human life, and expand our knowledge of the universe.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 60 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Glossary Terms technology: the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 63 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, noticed that the bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. CHEMISTRY & YOU How do you think Alexander Fleming tested his hypothesis?

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 64 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Other scientists had made the same observation, but Fleming was the first to recognize its importance. He assumed that the mold had released a chemical that prevented the growth of the bacteria. CHEMISTRY & YOU What was Alexander Fleming’s hypothesis? How could he test his hypothesis?

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 65 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. An Experimental Approach to Science How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry? An Experimental Approach to Science

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 66 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The word chemistry comes from the word _____________. Alchemists were concerned with searching for a way to change other metals, such as lead, into _______. Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today, including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle. An Experimental Approach to Science alchemy gold

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 67 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. An Experimental Approach to Science Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of ______________ that it is today. In France, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier did work in the late 1700s that would revolutionize the science of chemistry. measurement

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 68 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Who is credited with transforming chemistry from a science of observation to a science of measurement? A.Fleming B.Lavoisier C.de Mestral D.Carothers

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 69 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Who is credited with transforming chemistry from a science of observation to a science of measurement? A.Fleming B.Lavoisier C.de Mestral D.Carothers

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 71 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Scientific Method The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. Steps in the scientific method include making observations, proposing and testing hypotheses, and developing theories (experiment).

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 72 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Scientific Method An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. The variable that you change during an experiment is the independent variable, also called the manipulated variable. The variable that is observed during the experiment is the dependent variable, also called the responding variable. Testing Hypotheses

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 73 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Scientific Method For the results of an experiment to be accepted, the experiment must produce the same result no matter how many times it is repeated, or by whom ( replicable !). This is why scientists are expected to publish a description of their procedures along with their results. Testing Hypotheses

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 74 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Scientific Method Sometimes the experiment a scientist must perform to test a hypothesis is difficult or impossible. For example, atoms and molecules, which are some of the smallest units of matter, cannot be easily seen. A model is a representation of an object or event. Chemists may use models to study chemical reactions and processes. Testing Hypotheses

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 75 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Scientific Method Developing Theories Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may be raised to a higher level of ideas. It may become a theory. A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 76 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The figure below shows how scientific experiments can lead to laws as well as theories. The Scientific Method Scientific Laws Experiments An experiment can lead to observations that support or disprove a hypothesis. Theory A theory is tested by more experiments and modified if necessary. Hypothesis A hypothesis may be revised based on experimental data. Observations Scientific Law A scientific law summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 77 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. The Scientific Method A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments. Scientific Laws For example: the law of conservation of energy, states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 78 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What is a hypothesis? A.information obtained from an experiment B.a proposed explanation for observations C.a concise statement that summarizes the results of many experiments D.a thoroughly tested model

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 79 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. What is a hypothesis? A.information obtained from an experiment B.a proposed explanation for observations C.a concise statement that summarizes the results of many experiments D.a thoroughly tested model

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 80 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Collaboration and Communication What role do collaboration and communication play in science? Collaboration and Communication

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 81 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. No matter how talented the players on a team may be, one player cannot ensure victory for the team. Individuals must collaborate, or work together, for the good of the team. Collaboration and Communication

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 82 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. When scientists collaborate and communicate with one another, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. Collaboration and Communication

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 83 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Collaboration Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons. Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all the knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the problem. Collaboration and Communication

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 84 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. Working in pairs or in a group can be challenging, but it can also be rewarding. Collaboration and Communication Collaboration

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 85 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Communication The way scientists communicate with each other and with the public has changed over the centuries. Scientists working as a team can communicate face to face. They also can exchange ideas by e-mail, by phone, and at local and international conferences. They publish their results in scientific journals. Collaboration and Communication

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 86 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why are articles in scientific journals the most reliable source of information about new scientific discoveries? A.The articles are reviewed by experts in the author’s field. B.Any article that is submitted is published. C.Everyone has access to the information. D.The articles are short and easy to read.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 87 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Why are articles in scientific journals the most reliable source of information about new scientific discoveries? A.The articles are reviewed by experts in the author’s field. B.Any article that is submitted is published. C.Everyone has access to the information. D.The articles are short and easy to read.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 89 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Key Concepts Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today. Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories. When scientists collaborate and communicate with one another, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 90 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Glossary Terms scientific method: a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem; steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories observation: information obtained through the senses; observation in science often involves a measurement hypothesis: a proposed explanation for an observation experiment: a repeatable procedure that is used to test a hypothesis

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 91 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Glossary Terms independent variable: the variable that is changed during an experiment; also called manipulated variable dependent variable: the variable that is observed during an experiment; also called responding variable model: a representation of an event or object theory: a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations scientific law: a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 95 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Skills Used in Solving Problems Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then implementing that plan.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 97 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Solving Numeric Problems The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate. AnalyzeEvaluate 213 Calculate

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 98 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Solving Numeric Problems First determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify what is unknown). If you expect the answer (the unknown) to be a number, you need to determine what unit(s) the answer should have. Make a plan for using what is known to arrive at the unknown. Analyze 1

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 99 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Solving Numeric Problems For some problems, you will have to convert a measurement from one unit to another. For other problems, you may need to rearrange an equation before you can solve for an unknown. Calculate 2

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 100 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Solving Numeric Problems After you calculate an answer, you should evaluate it. Evaluate 3 Is the answer reasonable? Does it make sense? Did you copy the data correctly? Did you choose the right equations? Check that your answer has the correct unit(s) and the correct number of significant figures.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 101 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Matthew has been collecting quarters in a jar. He has 176 quarters. What is the value of the coins in his jar?

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 102 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Matthew has been collecting quarters in a jar. He has 176 quarters. What is the value of the coins in his jar? 1 dollar 4 quarters 176 quarters  = 44 dollars

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 103 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Solving Nonnumeric Problems Not every word problem in chemistry requires calculations. Some problems ask you to apply the concepts you are studying to a new situation. You still need to identify what is known and what is unknown. You still need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 104 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Solving Nonnumeric Problems The steps for solving a nonnumeric problem are analyze and solve. AnalyzeSolve 21

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 106 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Key Concepts The steps for solving a nonnumeric problem are analyze and solve. Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then implementing that plan. The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU Why might this creature interest.

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1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU Why might this creature interest.

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