2. From Barrier Analysis to TAPs and Project Ideas Overview of the approach Event Gordon A. Mackenzie Head of Programme, Cleaner Energy Development UNEP DTU Partnership

3. Steps: From TNA to TAP Step 1 Identification and Prioritisation of Technologies (TNA) Multi criteria analysis, development priorities, marginal abatement costs, local employment, etc. Step 2 Barrier Analysis and Enabling Framework (BA & EF) Legal, institutional, social, knowledge Policy options for creating an Enabling Framework Legal, institutional, financial, etc. Step 3 Technology Action Plan (TAP) Prioritised policy options Project ideas Step 1 Identification and Prioritisation of Technologies (TNA) Multi criteria analysis, development priorities, marginal abatement costs, local employment, etc. Step 2 Barrier Analysis and Enabling Framework (BA & EF) Legal, institutional, social, knowledge Policy options for creating an Enabling Framework Legal, institutional, financial, etc. Step 3 Technology Action Plan (TAP) Prioritised policy options Project ideas Step 1 Identification and Prioritisation of Technologies (TNA) Multi criteria analysis, development priorities, marginal abatement costs, local employment, etc. Step 2 Barrier Analysis and Enabling Framework (BA & EF) Legal, institutional, social, knowledge Policy options for creating an Enabling Framework Legal, institutional, financial, etc. Step 3 Technology Action Plan (TAP) Prioritised policy options Project ideas

4. Step 1: Identification and Prioritisation of Technologies Objective ‒ Select a few technologies for market analysis and eventual inclusion in the Technology Action Plan Inputs – Review of existing planning documents – Stakeholder experience and knowledge – Information from technology database Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) conducted by groups of informed stakeholders Output ‒ TNA Report

5. Barrier Analysis - objective ‒ To analyse market conditions for the each selected technology and to identify barriers for enhanced deployment Methodology ‒ Facilitated workshops with sectoral and technology working groups (5-10 stakeholders) Output ‒ Barriers prioritized and grouped into main categories. For example:  Institutional  Legal  Technical  Social  Cultural Step 2: Barrier analysis and enabling framework

6. Enabling Framework - objective – Find possible solutions to address barriers Possible solutions  Economic incentives – Tax exemptions, smart subsidies, cheap financing – Governmental finance schemes  Institutional changes – Energy efficiency, renewable energy (funding agencies) – Flood control, coastal zone management (regional, national)  Legal changes – Standards, Building codes, lighting standards – Power purchase agreements Step 2: Continued - enabling framework

7. Prioritized set of actions to enhance market penetration and government involvement Political process ensuring buy in by politicians Content Elements of enabling environments/government involvement considered Responsible actors/institutions Timetable and milestones for implementation Resource requirements Financing needs (external, national) Specific concepts for programme funding through future technology transfer funding mechanisms Step 3: Technology action plan and project ideas

9. What is a technology? Hardware: – tangible components (equipment, machinery, products) Software: – know-how (skills, experience, manuals, practices) Orgware: – the institutional framework (organisation, management)

10. Technology categorisation

11. How does government exert influence? Consumer goodsCapital goods Publicly provided goods Non Market High Low Indirect influence Political influence through enabling framework Direct influence Political influence through projects and procurement Government influence Market ------------------------------Continuum-------------------------------non-market

12. What is an enabling environment? Resources (human, physical, financial) Social (norms, practices) Policies and regulation Culture and religion Macroeconomic conditions Technological capacity Institutions

13. Causal relations between barriers Logical Framework Approach

14. Limited acceptance of drought tolerant crops in community Low awareness within communities Information not available in communities Causal relations between barriers Core Problem (Cause/effect) Causes Poor access to TV Low literacy level Poor extension service Low rate of electrification Few TV broadcasting masts Causes Limited acceptance of drought tolerant crops in community Low awareness within communities Information not available in communities Poor access to TV Low literacy level Poor extension service Few TV broadcasting masts

15. How to identify barriers for market goods? Consumer goods and capital goods Financial assessment Market mapping approach

16. Battery producers (1) Assembly of panels (1) Solar home systems (6000) Solar PV for water pumping (50) Solar PV systems institutions (1000) PV system retailer (30) Maintenance providers (10) Battery retailers (1000) Poor market information High cost of finance Poor trade standards Unclear finance policy High cost of imported prod. Low contract enforcement High interest rates Poor conditions for local industry Corruption Importers of PV panels (5) Importers of wafers (1) Importers of batteries (3) Battery whole sales (5) Low awareness low technical skills Low research capacity Market mapping, PV industry Sales not coordinated Component don't match Low quality of products

17. Barriers for non-market goods Publically provided goods Other non market goods - Technologies provided by institutions - Institutional change to improve livelihood - Behavioural change

18. Measures to overcome barriers Identifying measures Examples of measures Problem trees to solution trees Financial and non-financial measures for RE Measures should be specific and SMART

19. Steps: From TNA to TAP Step 1 Identification and Prioritisation of Technologies (TNA) Multi criteria analysis, development priorities, marginal abatement costs, local employment, etc. Step 2 Barrier Analysis and Enabling Framework (BA & EF) Legal, institutional, social, knowledge Policy options for creating an Enabling Framework Legal, institutional, financial, etc. Step 3 Technology Action Plan (TAP) Prioritised policy options Project ideas

20. 19 What is a Technology Action Plan? Steps in preparing a Technology Action Plan

21. 20 Builds on the TNA Report and the Barrier and Enabling Frameworks Report

22. 21 Why a TAP? – Need to translate the TNA and BAEF reports into implementable actions – Mainstream into national development plans – Build a bridge between national climate change policy and sectoral development plans – Identify funding – Towards implementation

23. 22 What is a TAP? large-scale transfer of a technology, i.e., implementation of multiple units of a technology in the country instead of one single technology project single projects can be among the actions in a TAP, such as for demonstration of a new technology within the country context. A TAP is a concise plan for the transfer of the prioritized technologies that will contribute to the country’s social, environmental and economic development and to climate change mitigation and adaptation.

24. 23 TAP Process