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History of Psychology Learning Target: Define psychology and trace its historical development.

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1 History of Psychology Learning Target: Define psychology and trace its historical development.

2 Psychology’s Roots Pre-scientific Psychology
Is the mind connected to the body or distinct? Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience?

3 Socrates (469-399 B.C.) & Plato (428-348 B.C.)
History of Psychology Socrates ( B.C.) & Plato ( B.C.) Socrates Plato Socrates and Plato believed the mind was separate from the body (DUALISM), the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.

4 History of Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
“The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of particular parts of the soul.” Aristotle, De Anima, 350 B.C. Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body (MONISM) and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience. Psychology 7e in Modules

5 The body and mind are separate, knowledge is innate
History of Psychology René Descartes ( ) John Locke ( ) The mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it. The body and mind are separate, knowledge is innate Psychology 7e in Modules

6 Founding Fathers of Ψ  Wilhelm Wundt = “Father of Modern Psychology”
1st psych lab Measure the simplest human processes (reaction time)  Edward Titchener (& Wundt) – Structuralism Break down conscious experience into objective sensations & components

7 Founding Fathers of Ψ William James – Functionalism
How our behavior and mental processes help us adapt to our environments

8 Founding Fathers of Ψ B.F. Skinner John B. Watson – Behaviorism
Emphasized study of observable behavior B.F. Skinner Reinforcement & behavior

9 Founding Fathers of Ψ Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Psychoanalysis
Emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts in behavior

10 “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”
Gestalt Psychology German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, & Wolfgang Kohler (1920s) Emphasizes tendency to organize & integrate stimuli into meaningful patterns “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”

11 What is Psychology? Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Empirical science, not pseudoscience! Four goals of psychology: 1) Description 2) Explanation 3) Prediction 4) Control

12 Other Milestones in Scientific Psychology
G. Stanley Hall – first psych lab in Johns Hopkins U. (1883) 1st American psych journal (1887) – American Journal of Psychology Herman Ebbinghaus – studies on memory (1885) American Psychological Association (1892) Margaret Floy Washburn – 1st woman to receive Ph.D. in psychology (1894) Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman president of APA (1905) Francis Cecil Sumner – 1st African-American Ph.D. in psychology

13 Modern Psychology Perspectives
Learning Target: Compare and contrast the seven major psychological perspectives.

14 Levels of Analysis – Biopsychosocial Model

15 Evolutionary Applies Darwin to Ψ
Inherited behaviors ensure survival Natural selection David Buss & Francis Galton – Genes control behavior

16 Biological (Neuroscience)
William James How our body and brain create memories, emotions, & sensory experiences How genes interact w/environment Parts of the brain, nervous system

17 Psychodynamic Modern psychoanalytic school
Unconscious desires and urges drive our behavior Conflicts from childhood

18 Behavioral (Learning)
John Watson, B.F. Skinner Focuses on OBSERVABLE behaviors How we learn behaviors Associations Rewards & punishments Observation How to change or modify behaviors

19 Cognitive Wilhelm Wundt, Jean Piaget, Herman Ebbinghaus
Focuses on mental processes How we encode, process, store, & retrieve info Perception of the world around us

20 Humanistic Focuses on positive growth (get in touch with our emotions)
People are good by nature and have free will Motivated to reach self-actualization Control over choices Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

21 Socio-Cultural How our behavior & thoughts are influenced by society & culture Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures.

22 Individualist v. Collectivist
Variable Individualist Collectivist Personal Identity Separate from others Connected to others Major Goals Self-defined; be unique; realize your personal potential; compete with others Defined by others; belong; occupy your proper place; meet your obligations to others; be like others Criteria for self-esteem Ability to express unique aspects of the self; ability to be self-assured Ability to restrain the self and be part of a social unit; ability to be modest Sources of success and failure Success comes from personal effort; failure, from external factors Success is due to help from others; failure is due to personal faults Major frame of reference Personal attitudes, traits, and goals Family, work group

23 Modern Perspectives on Intelligence
Is there any difference in the way highly intelligent individuals store and retrieve information? Cognitive How does intelligence affect an individual’s self-worth? Humanistic What rewards are most effective in promoting learning? Behaviorism Do different brain structures account for differences in intellectual abilities? Biological How does intelligence affect survival rates? Evolutionary How does socioeconomic status affect learning? Social-cultural

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