1. Chemical Reactions inside Cells
Chapter 2.1

2. Chemical Reactions
Bonds between atoms are ___ and new bonds are formed to make ___molecules
_____ to break bonds between atoms
Energy is ____ when new bonds form
Takes place ___ the cell
To the right, two hydrogen molecules chemically react with an oxygen molecule to form H2O, or water

3. The New Food Pyramid

4. ___
Provide the _____
Simple ___ are ___ made from atoms of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Inside cells, sugar molecules are broken down, providing ____
Complex ____ are longer strands of carbohydrates
______
____- extra sugar molecules stored in plant cells
____- makes the cell wall of plant cells

5. carbohydrates

6. _____ ____ found in living things
Made of atoms of _____ … but arranged differently
Many ____ have molecules of ____ attached to ____ of carbon and hydrogen atoms (called ____)
Cannot mix with ___!!!

7. Lipids

8. ____ Made of smaller molecules called ____
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, ____, and sometimes ____
Link together in long chains that make ____ shapes
Structure and function of proteins depend on _____ of amino acids
Foods, such as ____, are high in protein

9. Proteins ____ (type of protein)- control chemical reactions in cells
_____ when you eat
Proteins can
Help ____ to move
____ growth
____ infections

10. Proteins

11. _____ ____ that give instructions for the ______ of a cell _____
Made from carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and _____
_____- parts of DNA strand

12. Nucleic Acids DNA Provides _____ used by the cell for making _____
_____ in specific orders/ patterns
Patterns of nucleotides are coded into ____
RNA
_____ into cytoplasm
Some RNA produces ____

13. Nucleic Acids

14. Macromolecules…. SONG?!?!?!

15. Importance of Water
All chemical reactions inside a cell take place inside ____
Water makes up ___ of your body’s weight!
Water inside cells makes up ___ of your body’s mass (weight)
Water in body makes up for another ____
Water is made of ____and ___atom (H2O)

16. Importance of Water Water is _____
Hydrogen has a ____, oxygen has a _____
Think of a magnet!
This helps water to _____, or stick to other water molecules
This also helps water to ____ a lot of substances

17. Water

18. Oxygen atoms link with hydrogen atoms

20. Cellular Respiration
Chapter 2.2

21. All Cells Need Energy ___- energy stored in the bonds between ___
In every ___
Cells ___ chemical energy after they bond
___- stored energy in sugar molecules
Type of energy cells ___
Found in ___ cells that you take in
Helps your body to grow and move

22. Photosynthesis
___- the process that plant cells use to change the energy from sunlight into ___ energy
This is why plant cells have ___, which are filled with ___
Chlorophyll is a ___that ___ energy from the sunlight

23. Photosynthesis Begin with ___ and oxygen
CO2 from the air and H2O from the soil
___ captures energy from sunlight
This energy causes a ___ reaction that changes CO2 and H2O into new products
New ___ include ___ and usable sugars, such as glucose
Oxygen is ___ from plants for us to use!

25. Cellular Respiration
___- cells use ___ to ___ energy stored in sugars, such as glucose
Most energy used by cells in your ___ is provided by cellular respiration!
Takes place in the ___
Both plant and animal cells

26. Cellular Respiration Begin with ______
___ in the ___ is broken down into smaller molecules
Releases energy
Molecules and ___ enter the mitochondria
Molecules are ___down and hydrogen is released to make water
Produces ______

27. Fermentation
___- the process by which cells release energy without oxygen
Without oxygen= _____
Occurs in the _____
Break down sugars into small molecules
Make foods, such as bread, yogurt, and cheese
Yeast and bacteria help to ferment

28. Fermentation _____fermentation
Some ____ release energy through this type of fermentation
Convert___ found in milk into lactic acid
Used to make ____
Lactic acid creates a ____
Lactic acid is a ___ in your cells when you exercise

29. Fermentation ____ fermentation Done by ___ and some bacteria
Waste products are _____
Used to make types of _____
____helps bread to rise before both waste products get ____

30. Materials Move Across Cell Membranes
Chapter 2.3

31. What’s in a Membrane?

32. Diffusion
___- the process by which molecules ____ or move from areas where there are many of them to areas where there are fewer
Example:

33. Diffusion
Think of a cold winter day. You go outside and exhale. You see fog in front of you. Watching the fog carefully, you notice that it seems to spread out as it escapes from your mouth, mixing with the air. Soon, you cannot see it anymore.
Freedom!
This shows diffusion because the water vapor in your breath started out very concentrated inside your mouth and, when exposed to the air, spread out to mix with the rest of the air

34. Diffusion
Happens because all molecules in gases, liquids, and solids are in ___ in all directions
Cells use ___ to ___ nutrients and waste products, such as ____
Move from an area where something is ___ concentrated to an area where something is___ concentrated

35. Concentration
___- the number (___) of particles in a specific ___ (___)
The ___ the starting concentration, the ___ diffusion will occur
Think of air escaping out of a balloon
When the concentration ___, diffusion ___ down
All in all, they want to reach a ___

36. In Cells
Small molecules, like oxygen, move through gaps in the cell membrane (like the pores in your skin)
oxygen
Freedom!

37. Passive Transport Materials move ___ using cell’s energy
It just happens…. ___
Substances can only transport, or ___, across a cell membrane if it can ___ that make up the cell membrane
Some ___ carries ___ substances
Amino acid, glucose, salt
___are moved through ___ (opening) that are ___ to each substance

38. Osmosis ___- diffusion of water through a cell membrane
Deals with the ___ of water inside and outside the cell
If the concentration is ___ on one side, the water will move to the lower side

39. Active Transport
Diffusion does not work for ____. Some materials need ___ to move throughout cells
Examples
Removing excess salt from the body

40. Permeability What does it mean to be permeable?
___ = to be able to go through something
A cell membrane would be permeable to certain objects (____) because it allows small objects to go through, but not large ones
We can also call a cell membrane _____ (picky, picky)

41. ______ Sometimes materials are ___ to be moved through a membrane
____ means “inner” or “inside” in Ancient Greek
A ____ forms around the large material, trapping it
Similar looking to the amoeba eating a paramecium
This pocket ____ from the cell itself and moves into the middle of the cell
Cells use ____ to fight _____ by absorbing them!

42. _____
When the material trapped from endocytosis needs to be ____, exocytosis takes place
____ means “outer” or “outside” in Ancient Greek
The pocket formed through endocytosis ___ with the cell membrane
The outer pocket becomes part of the ____ again
The material is ___ of the cell