1. Latin American Independence

2. Objectives Compare the causes and effects of Latin American Independence movements. – Haiti – Brazil – New Spain – New Granada – Rio de la Plata – New Castile AZ SS C6 PO5 ComCore:

4. Haitian Revolution 1791-1804 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5A_o- nU5s2U http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5A_o- nU5s2U

5. Sale(s) of Louisiana Spain had been given Louisiana from France in 1763- sold back to France in 1800 After failing to subdue Haiti, Napoleon has little desire to put major forces in North America Sale of Louisiana provides funds to fight British, conserves military for Europe

6. New Spain

7. The Peninsular War In 1808, Napoleon decides to secure his flank by invading Spain, Portugal – Makes brother Joseph King of Spain and Portugal – British army invited by Spanish to help repel French – For four years, Spanish guerillas and British regular forces entangle French troops – Napoleon’s 1812-13 disaster in Russia allows British general Duke of Wellington to push France out of Spain

8. Disintegration of American Colonization Portugal’s Viceroyalty of Brazil – 1494-1807 1492 to 1808, Spain ruled four Vice-royalties – New Spain – New Granada – New Castile – La Plata – Viceroys answered only to the King – Sparse population, agricultural focus

9. Vice Royalty of Brazil 1807 King Joao VI Braganza of Portugal flees Napoleon’s armies – Portugal’s political leaders relocate, fight back instead of surrendering In 1821, Joao VI returns to Portugal, but son Pedro remains in Brazil as viceroy In 1822, Pedro declares Brazil independent and himself emperor – Little violence, some payments

10. Pedro I announces Brazilian Independence

12. Dilma Rouseff

13. http://www.nbcnews.com/slideshow/today/brazils-carnival-celebrations-50736176

14. New Spain As of 1808, New Spain included – California – Texas – Florida – Cuba – Santo Domingo – All of Central America

15. Padre Hidalgo Padre Hidalgo’s causes Years of local resentment against Spanish born elite Long sympathy with poor indios and metizos – Declared slaves free Plan for peaceful change leaked to Napoleon’s sympathizers Grito De Dolores ¡Mexicanos! ¡Vivan los héroes que nos dieron la patria y libertad! ¡Viva Hidalgo! ¡Viva Morelos! ¡Viva Josefa Ortíz de Dominguez! ¡Viva Allende! ¡Viva Galena y los Bravos! ¡Viva Aldama y Matamoros! ¡Viva la Independencia Nacional! ¡Viva México!

17. Mexican War of Independence 1810-1821 Course of the War Hidalgo unleashes a bloody race and class war 1810-1811 Ambushed and killed in Coahuila, beheaded and displayed in Guanajuato Padre Morelos takes lead, declares independence and a formal constitution for Mexico 1812-1815 Ambushed, captured and killed King Ferdinand VII restored to Spanish throne with 1812 Constitution – Disorganized guerilla war in New Spain 1815-1820 Final Independence Jan 1820, Spanish army revolts against restored King Ferdinand VII at Cadiz. – Had ignored 1812 Constitution – New Cortes (parliament) takes control, but ignores colonial demands Power over Mexico seized by Gen. Augustin de Iturbide in August 1821, – Mexico recognized as independent – Caribbean islands and Florida remain Spanish – Iturbide declares himself emperor 19 May 1822

18. Iturbide

19. First Mexican Empire & Republic Chaos Continues Emperor Augustin I is unpopular, overthrown in 1822 – Encouraged Americans to move in to Texas General Antonio de Santa Anna sets up intermittent military dictatorship 1824- 1855 Central America declares independence in 1823, – dissolves into individual countries 1838-1840

20. Faces of Santa Ana

21. Carlos Slim (Mexico) Joaquin “Chapo” Guzman (Mexico) Rigoberta Menchu (Guatamala/Quiche Maya)

22. New Granada As of 1811, New Granada included – Panama – Colombia – Venezuela – Ecuador With the outbreak of rebellion in New Spain, South American leaders also revolt

23. Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar’s Causes Years of local resentment against Spanish born elite Desire to abolish slavery – Deal for support of Haitian soldiers Desire to keep New Granada regions together

24. Manuela Saenz Manuela Saenz’s Causes Arraigned marriage to James Thorne – Rich English merchant – He was twice her age Fell in love with Simon Bolivar after meeting him at party – 8 year affair, no children – Bolivar was sterile (measles) Used her influence to fight for women’s rights, save records independence

25. Liberation of New Granada 1811-1824 Course of the War Slow start, largest Spanish military response Battle of Boyaca 8-7-19 surprises Spanish forces, eliminates threat in Bogota Jan 1820, Spanish army revolts against restored King Ferdinand VII at Cadiz. – Had ignored 1812 Constitution – New Cortes (parliament) takes control, but ignores colonial demands Final Independence July 1822, Spanish forces withdraw from New Granada, independence achieved Gran Colombia splinters into civil war 1824-1829 Simon Bolivar – Survives assassination attempts (thanks, Manuela!) – Watches friends kill friends – Plans to go into exile in Europe – Dies of tuberculosis in home of a Spaniard who admired his courage.

27. Shakira Mebarak (Colombia)Hugo Chavez (Venezuela)

28. De La Plata Newest of Viceroyalties, 1776 Resisted British attempt to capture during Napoleonic wars 1807-1808 Large-scale civil war between Spanish elites split De La Plata

29. Independence of De La Plata 1811-1817 Course of the War Pro- Independence forces under Gen. San Martin gain advantage with British help – San Martin had fought Napoleon in Spain alongside British San Martin joins with Gen O’Higgins to liberate Chile 1817 Spanish forces fight on weakly until 1818, then recognize Argentina and Chile as independent After the War Further local fighting results in countries of Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia forming out of De La Plata 1818-1825. 1822 San Martin meets Bolivar in Guayaquil, Ecuador to join armies – Combine South American independence movements – Liberate New Castile

30. San Martin in Spanish Resistance Battle of Bailen, Spain

31. San Martin leaving the HMS George Canning (UK ship)

32. San Martin, with Chilean Gen. O’Higgins (R)

33. San Martin and Bolivar at Guayaquil

34. Final Portrait, Paris 1848 San Martin’s legacy Attempted (failed) to unify South America Disappointed, San Martin moved his family to Europe for safety 160 years after his passing, South American leaders founded The Union of South American Nations, an economic, social and technology union promoting South American interests

35. Eva Peron (Argentina) Augusto Pinochet (Chile)

36. New Castile/Peru Oldest, established by Pizzarro Strong loyalty to Spain Shrank over time – Andes isolated Lima Most valuable – Large silver mines

37. Independence of New Castile 1812-1824 Course of the War Three pronged attack by South American generals – Bolivar from North – San Martin from East – O’Higgins from West/Pacific Largely “Spanish” war- native peoples stayed out – Remain marginalized today Turns into city siege warfare in Cuzco and Lima Independence Declared 1821 After outside force leave, area disintegrates into civil warfare and warlordism. Spain makes several attempts to recapture area into 1850’s

38. Quechua People

39. Ayamara PeopleBolivia President Evo Morales

40. Compare and Contrast Compare and Contrast the Causes and effects of three of these independence movements.