1. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Axion Landscape Solar Axions Supernova 1987A Dark Matter Long-Range Force Early Universe Georg Raffelt Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich

2. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Cosmic rays 22  g High- and Low-Energy Frontiers in Particle Physics eV Planck mass GUT scale Electroweak scale QCD scale Cosmological constant “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental par- ticle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider” P. HiggsF. Englert 2013 “for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass” T. KajitaA. McDonald 2015

3. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 High- and Low-Energy Frontiers in Particle Physics eV Planck mass GUT scale Electroweak scale QCD scale Cosmological constant High-Energy Frontier CERN Low-E Frontier “Intensity Frontier” (feeble interactions) New 750 GeV boson? few-sigma hint @ CMS & ATLAS many theory papers since Dec 2015

4. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 High- and Low-Energy Frontiers in Particle Physics eV Planck mass GUT scale Electroweak scale QCD scale Cosmological constant Heavy right-handed neutrinos (see-saw mechanism) WIMP dark matter (related to EW scale, perhaps SUSY) Axion dark matter (related to Peccei-Quinn symmetry)

5. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Bestiarium of Low-Mass Bosons

6. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 CP Violation in Particle Physics Physics Nobel Prize 2008 Discrete symmetries in particle physics C – Charge conjugation, transforms particles to antiparticles violated by weak interactions P – Parity, changes left-handedness to right-handedness violated by weak interactions T – Time reversal, changes direction of motion (forward to backward) CPT – exactly conserved in quantum field theory CP – conserved by all gauge interactions violated by three-flavor quark mixing matrix M. Kobayashi T. Maskawa  All measured CP-violating effects derive from a single phase in the quark mass matrix (Kobayashi-Maskawa phase), i.e. from complex Yukawa couplings  Cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry requires new ingredients

7. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 The CP Problem of Strong Interactions Real quark mass Phase from Yukawa coupling Angle variable Remove phase of mass term by chiral transformation of quark fields

8. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Strong CP Problem Equivalent

9. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 38 Years of Axions

10. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 The Cleansing Axion Frank Wilczek “I named them after a laundry detergent, since they clean up a problem with an axial current.” (Nobel lecture 2004)

11. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Phenomenological Axion Properties Model-dependent, E/N = 0 (KSVZ), 8/3 (DFSZ), many others Axial-vector current Spin-dependent int’n

12. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Axion Bounds eVmeV  eV mama neVpeV 10 9 10 12 fafa 10 15 10 18 10 6 GeV m Planck Opportunities for detection Astrophysical Bounds (Energy loss of stars) Supernova 1987A Globular Cluster

13. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Pie Chart of Dark Matter of the Universe Dark Energy 70% Dark Energy 70% (Cosmological Constant) (Cosmological Constant) Neutrinos Neutrinos 0.1  0.4% 0.1  0.4% Dark Matter 25% Ordinary Matter 5% (of this only about 10% luminous)

14. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Creation of Cosmological Axions by Re-alignment Axions are born as nonrelativistic, classical field oscillations Very small mass, yet cold dark matter

15. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Axion Cosmology in PLB 120 (1983)

16. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Experimental Tests of Invisible Axions Pierre Sikivie: Macroscopic B-field can provide a large coherent transition rate over a big volume (low-mass axions) Axion helioscope: Look at the Sun through a dipole magnet Axion haloscope: Look for dark-matter axions with a microwave resonant cavity

17. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Search for Galactic Axions (Cold Dark Matter) Power Frequency mama Axion Signal Thermal noise of cavity & detector Power of galactic axion signal Microwave Energies (1 GHz  4  eV) Dark matter axions Velocities in galaxy Energies therefore m a = 1  100  eV v a  10  3 c E a  (1  10  6 ) m a Axion Haloscope (Sikivie 1983) B ext  8 Tesla Microwave Resonator Q  10 5 Primakoff Conversion  a B ext Cavity overcomes momentum mismatch

18. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Axion Searches eVmeV  eV mama neVpeV 10 9 10 12 fafa 10 15 10 18 10 6 GeV m Planck GHz a THzMHzkHz Astrophysical Bounds (Energy loss of stars) ARIADNE CASPEr Taking data

19. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Looking for axion-like particles (ALPs)

20. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Search for Solar Axions  a Sun Primakoff production Axion Helioscope (Sikivie 1983)  Magnet S N a Axion-Photon-Oscillation  Tokyo Axion Helioscope (“Sumico”) (Results since 1998, up again 2008)  CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) (Data taking 2003–2015) Axion flux Alternative technique: Bragg conversion in crystal Experimental limits on solar axion flux from dark-matter experiments (SOLAX, COSME, DAMA, CDMS...)

21. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST)

22. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs) Weinberg Wilczek “standard axion” Model dependence (KSVZ, DFSZ, …) broadens the “axion line”

23. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs) CAST exclusion range End of solar spectrum

24. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs) ALPS-II at DESY

25. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Any Light Particle Search II (ALPS-II) at DESY ALPS-I (finished) ALPS-IIb (2015) ALPS-IIa (2014) ALPS-IIc (2017) ALPS-II Technical Design Report, arXiv:1302.5647

26. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Shining TeV Gamma Rays through the Universe Figure from a talk by Manuel Meyer (Univ. Hamburg)

27. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Next Generation Axion Helioscope (IAXO) at CERN Irastorza et al.: Towards a new generation axion helioscope, arXiv:1103.5334 Armengaud et al.: Conceptual Design of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO), arXiv:1401.3233

28. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs) - Improvement by a factor of 30 - Leaping into uncharted territory Pushing generic ALP frontier QCD Axion meV frontier

29. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Axion and Axion-Like Particle Searches Center for Axion & Precision Physics (Daejon, Korea) Axion Dark Matter Experiment (UW, Seattle) ADMX-HF (Yale) WISPDMX ( DESY ) CASPEr, perhaps @ HIM (Mainz) CAST @ CERN IAXO Proposal (CERN) ARIADNE H.E.S.S. MAGIC Fermi LAT

30. Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich IAXO Workshop, INFN Frascati, 18–19 April 2016 Dow Jones Index of Axion Physics inSPIRE: Citation of Peccei-Quinn papers or title axion It’s a bull market, buy shares!