1. The Industrial Society 1860 - 1900 Read pg. 519

2. The reasons that America would emerge as the world’s greatest industrial nation by 1900 Raw Materials / Natural Resources Raw Materials / Natural Resources Cheap but motivated labor supply Cheap but motivated labor supply Advancement in innovation Advancement in innovation Risk taking entrepreneurs Risk taking entrepreneurs Pro Business Government Pro Business Government Customers who could afford the products (middle class) Customers who could afford the products (middle class)

3. Types of Innovation and Technology Telegraph Telegraph Electricity / Lighting Electricity / Lighting Steam Engines Steam Engines Together these created the steel industry, and the railroads, and would later foster the automobile and aircraft industries Together these created the steel industry, and the railroads, and would later foster the automobile and aircraft industries

4. Railroads would also create the system of financing corporate America by the selling of stock Railroads would also create the system of financing corporate America by the selling of stock Land grants aided the growth of the railroads, View Map pg. 522 & Chart pg. 523 Land grants aided the growth of the railroads, View Map pg. 522 & Chart pg. 523

5. The Railroads After the Civil War, regional rail lines began to consolidate After the Civil War, regional rail lines began to consolidate Eastern port cities became linked to Great Lakes port cities Eastern port cities became linked to Great Lakes port cities During Reconstruction Northern investors began to connect the South During Reconstruction Northern investors began to connect the South In the 1860s the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads worked to complete a transcontinental line connecting east with west In the 1860s the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads worked to complete a transcontinental line connecting east with west

6. Overbuilding of railroads hurt the profits of many rail companies, but was good for customers Overbuilding of railroads hurt the profits of many rail companies, but was good for customers As consolidation created trusts, customers were forced to pay more As consolidation created trusts, customers were forced to pay more

7. Railroad Industry Created Wealth Jay Gould – Railroad companies Jay Gould – Railroad companies JP Morgan – Finance JP Morgan – Finance Andrew Carnegie – Steel Andrew Carnegie – Steel John Rockefeller – Standard Oil (lubrication of industries, and kerosene lighting) John Rockefeller – Standard Oil (lubrication of industries, and kerosene lighting)

8. Age of Invention Thomas Edison – Electrical light, stock ticker, phonograph (pioneered R & D) Thomas Edison – Electrical light, stock ticker, phonograph (pioneered R & D) George Eastman – photography George Eastman – photography Louis Pasteur – process of pasteurization Louis Pasteur – process of pasteurization Alexander Graham Bell - telephone Alexander Graham Bell - telephone

9. Sellers Of Products R.H. Macy, Marshall Field – took department stores from Chicago nationwide R.H. Macy, Marshall Field – took department stores from Chicago nationwide Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck, Montgomery Ward – used catalogs to sell to rural America Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck, Montgomery Ward – used catalogs to sell to rural America

10. Workers / Customers Factory jobs gave low educated immigrant labor a foothold in America Factory jobs gave low educated immigrant labor a foothold in America Low skills, low wages Low skills, low wages Long hours, dangerous Long hours, dangerous Child and Female labor used Child and Female labor used Moved Eastern America from Jefferson’s Agri – Society to Hamilton’s specialization Moved Eastern America from Jefferson’s Agri – Society to Hamilton’s specialization

11. Labor Unions gained workers better conditions, and more pay Labor Unions gained workers better conditions, and more pay Samuel Gompers (AFL) – urged trade unions as the way for workers to become empowered (by 1890 AFL most powerful union in America) Samuel Gompers (AFL) – urged trade unions as the way for workers to become empowered (by 1890 AFL most powerful union in America) Knights of Labor – wanted 1 big union Knights of Labor – wanted 1 big union Workers vs. Barons Workers vs. Barons

12. The higher wages produced the emerging middle class The higher wages produced the emerging middle class Middle class able to purchase the products of industry Middle class able to purchase the products of industry

13. The American Opportunity Horatio Alger – told and sold stories of rags to riches success Horatio Alger – told and sold stories of rags to riches success Social Darwinism – Capitalism Social Darwinism – Capitalism Gospel of Wealth – Benevolent Corporate Tycoons Gospel of Wealth – Benevolent Corporate Tycoons