1. SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VASAD MADE BY:- AYUSHI R. DAVE (130410107013) BINAL S. PATEL(130410107061) ANJALI H. RATHOD(130410107091) MUDRA S. SHAH(130410107103) VAIBHAVI KHAMAR(130410107031) ENGINEERING ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT Analysis of Famine & Droughts

2. Introduction Droughts are unusually long periods of insufficient rainfall. Since ancient times droughts have had far- reaching effects on humankind by causing the failure of crops, decreasing natural vegetation, and depleting water supplies. Livestock and wildlife, as well as humans, die of drought and famine.

3. Famines are extreme shortages of food that cause people to die of starvation. Drought is a period of aridness, particularly when protracted, that causes widespread harm to crops or prevents their successful growth. Insufficient rainfall and unfavorable weather conditions are natural causes of drought. Environmental degradation caused by the overuse of farmland and deforestation--cutting of trees for household and other purposes--aggravate drought. People's lack of capacity to respond to natural disasters and inefficient or lack of early warning systems also worsens the effects of drought.

4. Famine is often associated with drought. Different scholars have given various definitions of famine. Amartya Sen defines famine as "unequal distribution of food supply." His argument is that famine is not a shortage of aggregate food supply, but the inability of individuals to afford available food. In this sense, a good harvest throughout a year does not guarantee that there will be no famine. In some instances, for example, governments have manipulated the food supply for political reasons, using food as a weapon.

5. Objectives Utilize best available data to identify the location and potential impacts of natural hazards on people, property and natural environment. Improve systems that provide warning and emergency communications. Seek risk reduction projects that minimize or mitigate their impacts on the environment. Inform the public on the risk exposure to natural hazards and ways to increase the public ’ s capability to prepare, respond, recover and mitigate the impacts of famine and drought.

6. We should prevent deforestation as they are very useful in preventing such natural disasters. We have to decrease industrilation and urbanization in feasible manner and have to decrease activities such as excessive mining which makes the land more and more crusted. Government should make strict laws and they should be implemented strictly in order to prevent wastage of water and increase the water level.

7. Limitations:- We can only takes safety measures against famine but we can ’ t prevent famine. Some of the limitations of flood control project are as follow: Lack of information about famineplains, watershed hydrology, & natural climate cycles at the and natural climate cycles at the time of development.

8. The other limitation is unavailability of resources to make dams at many places. Ignorance of government as well as people about the weather forecast given by weather forecast department. The major limitation is that we can ’ t control the climate.

9. Findings Many actions should be taken in order for famine and drought to reduce to reach its lowest dangerous state. The steps are simple, yet people still have problems reducing famine and drought's effects. Many Aid groups have taken charge of providing famine suffering countries with the needed vitamins and minerals within micronutrients. They’ve also offered giving money to residents to fill their needs with and paying local farmers rather than importing foods and supplies from foreign countries.

10. Procedures to beat famine involves the use of modern technologies since 70% of 3rd world famine countries rely on agriculture, the use of fertilizers, irrigation, financially supporting farmers, developing institutions, democracy, those procedures allowed India and developed countries to beat famine, as Agricultural experts from Denmark and India gathering in Copenhagen at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University considered long term solutions.

11. According to Mitra: "India adopted the first generation of Green Revolution technologies in the late 1960s, directly after its last famine (of 1965-66) which killed half a million people. This is best contrasted with China, whose policies induced the largest man-made famine in history during the same time period, killing tens of millions of people. states in Africa, would do well to follow India’s example".