1. Africa seeks independence

2. How do you think WW2 affected African nationalism?

3. African soldiers fought alongside European soldiers “defending freedom” –Unwilling to accept colonial domination any longer Europeans also began to question the cost and morality of maintaining colonies

4. African Nationalism Movements Some violent Some non-violent Pan-Africanism OAU (Organization of African Unity) 1963

5. Nationalist Leaders Ghana- Kwame Nkrumah- 1957 –Non-violent struggle against the British –Strikes and boycotts –imprisonment

6. Kenya Kenya- Jomo Kenyatta & Mau Mau- 1963 –British colony –British settlers –Violent conflict –Mau Mau- used guerilla tactics to push out British farmers –Kenyatta becomes first prime minister

7. Other nationalist Ahmed Ben Bella- Algeria Mobutu Sese Seko- Congo

8. Problems remain…. Ethnic differences Economic hardship Governments struggle between dictatorship and democracy

10. South Africa (country) Independence from GB in 1910 White South Africans held all political power Apartheid- gov’t policy of separating races –Specific housing zones –Trains, beaches, schools, public facilities –Interracial marriages were banned –Blacks needed passes to travel –Could not vote –Lower paying jobs

11. Apartheid

12. Assignment - Journal Entry In complete sentences, summarize everything you think you now know about Apartheid in South Africa. How do you think what you saw in these pictures compares with the Civil Rights movement in the United States?

13. A Journey of Inequality 1910- The South Africa Act takes away all political & voting rights of Black Africans 1912- The African National Congress is formed. The political party aims to organize Africans in the struggle for civil rights. 1913- The Land Act give 7.3% of the country’s land to Africans, who make up 80% of the population. Africans are allowed to be on white land only of they are working for whites

14. African National Congress Opposed apartheid – wanted political representation for non-whites Boycotts Non-violence Civil disobedience 1969 gov’t outlawed the ANC

15. Early Protests Against Inequality Prominent leaders in South Africa protest the treatment of the blacks. Gandhi is the fourth from the left.

16. Mine Workers in South Africa Working conditions were terrible in the mines, with miners earning only a few dollars a day and being forced to be separate from their families for months or years at a time.

17. Apartheid in Action 1946- African mine workers are paid twelve times less than their white counterparts. Over 75,000 Africans go on strike in support of higher wages. Over 1000 workers are injured or killed before police violence forces them to end the strike 1948- The Afrikaner Nationalist Party gains control of the government and passed the first of 317 Apartheid laws, separating whites from blacks. 1951- The African National Congress encourages peaceful resistance to Apartheid Laws through civil disobedience. The government reacts by arresting more people.

18. 1.THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights. 2.THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began. 3.THE IMMORALITY ACT—made it a crime for any sexual act to be committed between a white person and any other “racial” group. Between 1950-1985, 24,000 people were prosecuted for this crime. 4.THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white. 5.THE PASS LAWS—made it mandatory for blacks to carry pass books at all times, which allowed them to have permission to be in a white area for a limited amount of time. Without their pass, they were arrested. Grand Apartheid Laws

19. Checking Passbook

20. Man with Passbook

21. Separate Bathroom Facilities

22. Typical Homestead in the “Black Homelands”

23. Struggle for Equality 1960- A large group of blacks in the town of Sharpeville refused to carry their passes. 69 people die and 187 are wounded. The African political organizations, the ANC and the Pan-African Congress, are banned. 1962- The United Nations establishes the Special Committee Against Apartheid to support a political process of peaceful change, based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1963-1990- Nelson Mandela, head of the African National Congress is jailed for the third time. He expected the death penalty and so he gave a four hour long speech, saying what he thought would be his last words to the African community. He was sentenced to life in prison, first on Robben Island, doing intense labor. He then spent 27 years in Pollsmoor Prison, where he was placed in solitary confinement. 1970- Resistance to Apartheid increases. The all-black South African Students Organization, under the leadership of Stephen Biko, helps unify students through the Black Consciousness movement.

24. Sharpeville Uprising

25. Robben Island Prison

26. Nelson Mandela in Prison Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.

27. Resistance 1973- The United Nations passed a resolution condemning Apartheid. 1976- People, mostly school children in Soweto riot and demonstrate against discrimination and instruction in Afrikaans. The police react with gunfire, killing 575 and injuring and arresting thousands. Stephen Biko is beaten and left in jail to die from his injuries. 1980s- People and governments around the world launch an international campaign to boycott South Africa. Hundreds of thousands of Africans who are banned from white-controlled areas ignore the laws and pour into forbidden regions in search of work. Civil disobedience and other protests increase. Mid 1980s- The United Democratic Front was formed in South Africa, which was led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Reverend Allen Boasek. The organization helped spread the word worldwide about the problem of Apartheid. BOYCOTT: TO ABSTAIN FROM BUYING OR USING CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: THE REFUSAL TO OBEY CERTAIN LAWS FOR THE PURPOSE OF INLUENCING GOVERNMENTAL POLICY

28. Soweto Uprising

29. United Democratic Front This organization helped get the word out to the world about apartheid. Tutu encouraged world leaders and businesses not to do business with South Africa until they ended Apartheid.

30. Funeral and Protest

31. The end of Apartheid Late 1980s- International pressure forces South Africa to end Apartheid. As a result, some of the segregationist laws are repealed, such as the ones separating whites and non-whites in public places. 1991-1994- South African President F.W. de Klerk repeals the rest of the Apartheid laws and calls for a new constitution. A multiracial transitional government is approved. Nelson Mandela is elected president in 1994. SEGRAGATIONIST: ONE WHO BELIEVES THAT RACES SHOULD BE KEPT APART REPEALED: TO TAKE BACK OR RECALL

32. Beach Picture

33. Typical Squatter’s Camp

34. A New Government Nelson Mandela casts the first vote for the new government of South Africa. Black Africans vote for the first time ever – 1994 19 years ago…

35. “I was made by the law, a criminal, not because of what I had done, but because of what I stood for, because of what I thought, because of my conscious. Can it be any wonder to anybody that such conditions make a man an outlaw of society?” Nelson Mandela