1. Plant Parts Plant Organs – Flowers, Leaves, Stems, Roots.
What are organs?
a group of tissues
What are tissues?
a group of specialized cells

2. Plant Tissues Plant tissues – Ground tissue – food storage
Vascular tissue – delivers water and solutes
Dermal tissue – protects exposed surfaces
New grow takes place at meristems:
Apical meristems – ends of shoots and roots where plant is lengthening.
Lateral meristems – where plant increases in thickness, in stems and roots.

3. Monocot vs. Dicot Same tissues, organized in different ways.
Cotyledons are leaflike strucutres called seed leaves which form in the seed as part of the plant embryo.

4. Monocot http://www.sproutpeople.com/kids/images/seed.dicot.monocot.gif

5. Dicot http://www.sproutpeople.com/kids/images/seed.dicot.monocot.gif

6. Function of Plant Organs
Leaf – movement of gas in/out of plant
food production = photosynthesis
Stem – hold leaves up to sunlight
transport water, minerals and food
Root – absorb water and minerals
anchors plant in soil

7. Leaf Structure Blade – photosynthesis
Veins – carry water, minerals & sugar
Petiole – connects the leaf to stem,
petiole

8. Leaf Tissues Epidermis – controls water loss
cells without chloroplasts
may have waxy cuticle
Vascular – veins
carries water & nutrients
Mesophyll – plenty of chloroplasts
“food factory”

9. Leaf Structure

10. Stem - Xylem vs. Phloem Xylem water pipe mineral pipe Phloem
sugar pipe
living cells

11. Stem Function Hold leaves up to the sunlight
Conducts water and nutrients between roots and leaves

12. Cell Types
Parenchyma – food storage, photosynthesis, cellular respiration. Thin cell walls, large vacuoles.
Collenchyma – provide support for plant stem and petioles. Unevenly thickened cell walls.
Sclerenchyma – specialized cells for support. Remain when cells die.

13. Root Type Tap root - Fibrous root – 1 straight down no central root

14. Root Structure root hair

15. Root Tissues Epidermis – thin layer of cells
takes up water & nutrients
Cortex – transports water & nutrients
may store sugars & starches
Vascular cylinder – xylem & phloem

16. Root Function Water & nutrient absorption – requires energy (ATP & O2)

17. What moves water?
Adhesion – attraction between water and other molecule
Cohesion – attraction between water molecules
Capillarity – combination of adhesion & cohesion moves water up a small solid tube, such as xylem

18. Transpiration Evaporation of water from plant leaves

19. Transpiration Pull Water evaporates from leaf
Moist air sac becomes drier
Spongy mesophyll cells lose water
Water leaves vein, less water in vein
Water from xylem replenishes vein
Water from roots replenishes xylem

20. Transport in Phloem Organic material from photosynthesis
From leaves to stems and roots – storage
From roots back to leaves – spring growth
Two-way traffic!!
Into & out of phloem requires ACTIVE transport – energy needed for movement

21. Secondary Growth Annuals finish growth in one growing season.
Perennials continue growth year after year.
Vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissues.
Cork cambium produces periderm  bark.
Cell divisions at cork cambium produce cork.
Overtime the innermost core becomes heartwood.
Develops growth rings each year.

22. Flower Parts (p. 442) carpel

23. Flowering Plants - Angiosperms
Flower = reproductive organ
Male part = anther (pollen sacs)
(stamen) filament
Female part = stigma (sticky surface)
(carpel) style
ovary
Seeds develop inside the fruit

24. Angiosperm Reproduction
Male sex cells (gametes) = pollen
Female sex cells (gametes) = eggs
Gamete cells are haploid
Pollination = transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
self-pollination vs. cross-pollination

25. Pollination self-pollination vs. cross-pollination

26. Angiosperm – Seed & Fruit
Pollen lands on stigma
Pollen tube grows down the style and releases two sperm nuclei
1 sperm + 1 egg = zygote → embryo (seed plant, 2n)
1 sperm + 2 polar nuclei in egg = endosperm (seed food)
ovule → seed = embryo + endosperm
ovary → fruit

27. Seed Seed = embryo + endosperm Embryo – new young plant
Angiosperms – seeds inside fruit (outer coat)
Ex: Orange trees
Gymnosperms – seeds without fruit
Ex: Pine trees

28. Non-flowering Plants - Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms means “naked seed” – not enclosed in a fruit.
An example of this occurs in pine trees and other trees that form cones – conifers
Male and female cones on tree
Male produces pollen
Female produces eggs

29. Gymnosperm continued.. Do not rely on pollinators, no flowers
Pollen carried by wind
Adult plant – sporophyte (diploid)
Immature plant – gametophyte (haploid)

30. Reproduction in Ferns Ferns do not reproduce through seeds
They have no flowers, no cones, etc.
Produce through spores located on the underside of the leaf.

31. Ferns continued….. Spores are haploid
Released from plant and develop into gametophyte
Gametophyte contains sex cells
Requires an environment with water
Male sex cells “swim” to female cells
Development of new sporophyte (diploid)