1. Ancient Egypt

2. Setting  12,000 BCE settlements form along the Nile  Different than today- much more “swampy”  The two Nile Rivers White Nile-headwaters at Lake Victoria Blue Nile-headwaters in Ethiopian Plateau Egyptian civilization existed on the last 750 miles of the Nile before it entered the Mediterranean

3. Egypt and the Nile

4. Ancient Egypt

6. The Gift of the Nile  Annual flood until the modern day (1960’s) What does the flood create/allow? 1 crop before flood Eventually 2-3 crops per year through irrigation

7. Aswan High Dam

8. Shaduf

9. Travel on the Nile  The prevailing winds blow from the sea upstream allowing for travel both against and with flow of water (up to the first cataract)

10. 1st Cataract by Aswan

11. Civilization of Ancient Egypt  Civilization emerges around 6000 BCE (Neolithic)  Writing originates by 3000 BCE ○ Hieroglyphics ○ Papyrus ○ Rosetta Stone (1798) Why is this important? (See handout article)

13. The cartouche of Cleopatra

14. Ancient Egypt  Upper Kingdom (south of the Delta)  Lower Kingdom (on the Nile Delta)  Ruled by Pharaohs (“great house”)  30 Dynasties (a line of rulers from the same family) 3,200 BCE through 300 BCE (2500 years)

15. Ancient Egypt  3 Kingdoms Early Dynastic-2950- 2575 BCE Old Kingdom 2650 BCE-2180 BCE : Dynasty began by Menes (unites Upper/Lower) Middle Kingdom 2040-1570 BCE: conquered by invaders called the Hyksos New Kingdom 1570-1100 BCE

17. The Old Kingdom 4th-8th Dynasties  Great Pyramid is constructed during the reign of Khufu (Cheops in Greek) at Giza. (All built between 2550-2490 B.C.)

18. Early Dynastic Period 1st-3rd Dynasties  First Step Pyramids Constructed at Saqqara (Sakkara) Called the pyramids of Zoser(Djoser)  Architecht - Imhotep

19. Pyramids: The Shape of the Gods

20. Building an Empire in the New Kingdom 18th-20th Dynasties  What is an empire? (A system in which an individual or single group of people rule over many other peoples and territories)

21. Pharaohs of the New Kingdom  Hatshepsut and (1508- 1458 BCE) Thutmose II (brother and sister)  Hatshepsut is the first “real” female pharaoh

22. Hatshepsut

23. Hatshepsut’s Temple-Valley of the Kings

24. Some Egyptian deities: What are the main themes in Egyptian religion?

25. Egyptian deities: Re(Ra), Amon, Amon-Re  Amon-god of ThebesRa-god of the sun

26. Amenhotep/Akhenaton  Amenhotep IV 1380-1362 BCE Change from polytheism to monotheism Changed his name to Akhenaton What was the new religion?

27. Worship of Aton  Angers the priests of Amon-Re  Moves capital from Thebes to Akhetaton  Amon-Re priests regain power during Tutankhamen’s reign.

28. Akhenaten’s destruction of social “structure”

29. The First Monotheist

30. Nefertiti: wife of Akhenaton

31. Tutankhamen  Son of Akhenaton  Tomb discovered by Howard Carter

32. Ramses II (the Great)  1279-1213 BCE  Waged war against the Hittites then made peace with them,preserved the empire, great period of construction

33. Great Temple of Ramses and the Temple of Hathor–Nefertari at Abu Simbal

34. Abu Simbel

35. Mummification  http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies /home.html

36. Egypt In Summary  What enabled them to be successful? (isolation, food production)  What are they noted for? (literate, urban, large government)  Did they contribute as much to science and mathematics as was once thought? (practical not theoretical)  Did other “contemporary” great ancient civilizations surpass them in any ways?  ( Think of these questions for your unit test- On your test you will write about what you believe was the greatest civilization of this region.)