1. Information and Communication Policy[ICT Policy] Objective: This course will cover the concept of ICT policy and also discuss the framework of ICT policy. The class will be full of interaction among the students and also with the tutor. The first part [1-3] of the course will be basic concepts of ICT policy and second part [4-12] will be detail implementation of ICT policy.

2. What do we study? IntroductionWeek 1 IntroductionWeek 1 Structure of ICT PolicyWeek 2 Structure of ICT PolicyWeek 2 ICT Policy FormulationWeek 3 ICT Policy FormulationWeek 3 E-GovernmentWeek 4/Week5 E-GovernmentWeek 4/Week5 Enterprise Architecture Week 6 Enterprise Architecture Week 6 Service Oriented ArchitectureWeek 7 Service Oriented ArchitectureWeek 7 SecurityWeek 8 SecurityWeek 8 Engineering Structure Week 9/Week 10 Engineering Structure Week 9/Week 10 Strategic Planning Week 11/Week 12 Strategic Planning Week 11/Week 12 Electronic Transaction ActWeek 13 Electronic Transaction ActWeek 13 Strategy and ImplementationWeek 14 Strategy and ImplementationWeek 14 Legal Ethical and Societal Impacts /Case StudyWeek 15/16 Legal Ethical and Societal Impacts /Case StudyWeek 15/16

3. Course Structure 6/7/20163 Course Breakdown: Course Breakdown: Mid-Term: 30% Mid-Term: 30% Presentation: 40% Presentation: 40% Report Writing: 20% Report Writing: 20% Attendance: 10% Attendance: 10% Text Book(s) : Text Book(s) : T1:ICT Case Study T1:ICT Case Study T2:King David/Viehland Dennis/Lee Jae, Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective 2006 T2:King David/Viehland Dennis/Lee Jae, Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective 2006

4. Lecture 1

5. Why do we need to study this course? To make Information Technology accessible to the general public and increase employment through this means. To make Information Technology accessible to the general public and increase employment through this means. To build a knowledge-based society. To build a knowledge-based society. To establish knowledge-based industries. To establish knowledge-based industries.

6. How is it possible? We need strategies We need strategies Strategies: High Priority to R & D Development of Competent IT Manpower Encourage Domestic and Foreign Investment Promotion of e-commerce IT, a tool to e-governance Promotion of IT industry Computer Education Curriculum starting from the school level IT Network extension to rural areas. Strategies: High Priority to R & D Development of Competent IT Manpower Encourage Domestic and Foreign Investment Promotion of e-commerce IT, a tool to e-governance Promotion of IT industry Computer Education Curriculum starting from the school level IT Network extension to rural areas.

7. Let’s discuss some facts of ICT Information and Information Revolution

8. Essence of Information and Information Technology Information has become the defining feature of the modern world, mainly due to: Information has become the defining feature of the modern world, mainly due to: The use of information in socio-political and economic spheres The rapid developments of information technologies to create, analyze, store, communicate, and disseminate information. technologies to create, analyze, store, communicate, and disseminate information.

9. Information Revolution The explosion of information, The explosion of information, facilitated by the technological facilitated by the technological revolution in computer applications and telecommunication networks. The increasing development in ICTs The increasing development in ICTs has revolutionized various socio-political and economic sectors, such as manufacturing, business, science and technology, schools and homes. has revolutionized various socio-political and economic sectors, such as manufacturing, business, science and technology, schools and homes. The information revolution indicates the massive production of information The information revolution indicates the massive production of information

10. Critiques of Information revolution Invention of Printing critics argue that the current information revolution is the 'second information revolution'. The invention of the printing machine in 1444 sparked the first information revolution. Gutenberg’s printing invention Read more about Gutenberg’s invention

11. Critiques of Information revolution Historical Perspective of the Information Revolution Every society creates information to suit the needs of that particular epoch in human civilization. The history of civilization points to various levels and usages of information in everyday life. The argument is that the 'explosion' in information today is apt for present day society Levels of civilization Categories of Human civilization Information handling and technology Level 0 Pre- language Level 1 Language (pre-historic) Own minds in relation to clan Level 2 Writing (Ancient) Info written in scrolls and stored in libraries Level 3 Printing (Medieval) Printing press and books Level 4 Modern (computers) Computer and telecommunications technology

12. Impacts of Information Revolution Technological advancement: computers, fibre optic cables, satellite, mobile phones etc Technological advancement: computers, fibre optic cables, satellite, mobile phones etc Economic, business and finalcial implication: E-commerce, employment boost in the info sector, infor as income generator Economic, business and finalcial implication: E-commerce, employment boost in the info sector, infor as income generator Education: E-education Education: E-education Management and Control: Regulation and Policy in the info sector Management and Control: Regulation and Policy in the info sector The Nation State: Virtual society, information society, national issues are discussed on global arena e.g ITU, WTO The Nation State: Virtual society, information society, national issues are discussed on global arena e.g ITU, WTO Urban Migration: Ideas and information move,making it less for people to move Urban Migration: Ideas and information move,making it less for people to move

13. The Information Society cogent points that characterize the 'information society' The importance of information and the creation of knowledge, The importance of information and the creation of knowledge, The prominence of the role of IT in the production The prominence of the role of IT in the production and dissemination of information, and dissemination of information, The use of information networks for the distribution of information; The use of information networks for the distribution of information; The radical changes in people's lives as a result of increasing integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) into all spheres of public and private lives; and The radical changes in people's lives as a result of increasing integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) into all spheres of public and private lives; and The necessity for citizens to be trained in new skills to allow them benefit from the access to a massively expanding store of information The necessity for citizens to be trained in new skills to allow them benefit from the access to a massively expanding store of information Nassimbeni (1998)

14. Defining Information Society The society that is currently being put in place, where low cost information and data storage and transmission technologies are in general use. The generalisation of information and data use is being accompanied by organisational, commercial, social and legal innovations that will profoundly change life both in the world of work and in society generally (Nassimberi 1998: 154 Webster (1997) provides five analytical criteria in defining the information society: technological; economic; occupational; spatial and cultural Go to the dynamic content on KEWL for different definitions…

15. Meaning of ICT Meaning of ICT ICTs refer to the various technologies that enhance the creation, storage, processing, communication and dissemination of information. ICTs also refer to the different infrastructures used in these processes, their applications and the numerous services these infrastructures render. We identify the following technologies as the elements of ICTs: Media of Communication (e.g radio, television) Media of Communication (e.g radio, television) Information machine (e.g Computers) Information machine (e.g Computers) Telecommunications technologies and equipment (Satellites, fibre optic cables, phones, Facsimile machines) Telecommunications technologies and equipment (Satellites, fibre optic cables, phones, Facsimile machines) Telecommunications infrastructures in particular have become the driving forces of ICTs; they have the capability to link all various ICT elements together

16. 1. Facilitating public and private sector activities in private sector activities in areas such as in: areas such as in: Public administration: ICTs facilitate the provision public information that is useful to the community at large. E.g e- Government Public administration: ICTs facilitate the provision public information that is useful to the community at large. E.g e- Government Urban and Rural Development: ICT applications are useful in facilitating development programs in many countries. E.g The establishment of telecenters in rural communities can facilitate economic empowerment. Urban and Rural Development: ICT applications are useful in facilitating development programs in many countries. E.g The establishment of telecenters in rural communities can facilitate economic empowerment. Transport. Transport. In the transport sector, ICT applications can be used to improve road, air and rail transportation. In the transport sector, ICT applications can be used to improve road, air and rail transportation. Potential uses of ICTs

17. 2. Improving the quality of life for citizens such as in: Health: E.g Telemedicine Health: E.g Telemedicine Special Needs (for the Physically Challenged) : Braille keyboards and printers, SMS etc Special Needs (for the Physically Challenged) : Braille keyboards and printers, SMS etc

18. Potential uses of ICTs Education: E.g Libraries have migrated from the traditional Dewey cataloguing system to a web-based cataloguing and search application. E-Learning Education: E.g Libraries have migrated from the traditional Dewey cataloguing system to a web-based cataloguing and search application. E-Learning Agriculture : There are expert system designed to handle agricultural issues such as water utilisation and management, pest control, harvest management and so forth Agriculture : There are expert system designed to handle agricultural issues such as water utilisation and management, pest control, harvest management and so forth. Environment: E. g: GIS is an automated system that enables the capture, storage, checking, integration, manipulation, analysis, display, and modelling of complex spatial data

19. Potential uses of ICTs 3. Sharing Knowledge and Improving Access to Information E-mail, The web and other platform of information communication 4. Facilitating Activities in the Business Sector such as: Manufacturing ICTs applications are linking the process chains in manufacturing as opposed to improving or facilitating single steps in the production lines. For instance, the use of Computer-aided-design (CAD) has improved the design stages of machine tools. Manufacturing ICTs applications are linking the process chains in manufacturing as opposed to improving or facilitating single steps in the production lines. For instance, the use of Computer-aided-design (CAD) has improved the design stages of machine tools. Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce

20. Potential uses of ICTs Travel and Tourism Travel and Tourism ICTs in this industry consist of various components that include computerised reservation systems, teleconferencing, video, video brochures, management information systems, airline electronic information systems, electronic funds transfer, digital telephone networks, smart cards, mobile communication, e-mail, and Internet. Integrated Information Technologies for Integrated Tourism and Local Economy Management`. Source: Mansel &When (1998

21. The Telecommunication Revolution Telecommunications can be defined as the process of communicating information via electronic means over a distance. The development in telecommunications is increasing at a spectacular rate The development in telecommunications is increasing at a spectacular rate Today, innovations in satellite and wireless telephony, coupled with solid state components for digital switching and end user equipment, have spectacularly lowered the costs of providing telecommunications facilities to any location, from the buzzing city center to rural villages Today, innovations in satellite and wireless telephony, coupled with solid state components for digital switching and end user equipment, have spectacularly lowered the costs of providing telecommunications facilities to any location, from the buzzing city center to rural villages

22. Factors Responsible for the Growth of the Telecommunications Sector Technology Technology Competition Competition

23. Factors Responsible for the Growth of the Telecommunications Sector Technology Capacity: New technologies such as optical fibre have Capacity: New technologies such as optical fibre have enormous capacity to carry information. enormous capacity to carry information. Digitization :Telecommunication networks are becoming totally digital, so that any type of information, including voice and video, may be sent as a stream of bits in a compressed form and reconstructed for use at the receiving end. Digitization :Telecommunication networks are becoming totally digital, so that any type of information, including voice and video, may be sent as a stream of bits in a compressed form and reconstructed for use at the receiving end. Ubiquity :Advances in wireless technology such as cellular radio, Personal Communications Services (PCS), and low earth orbiting (LEO) satellites will provide mobile and personal communications virtually anywhere. Ubiquity :Advances in wireless technology such as cellular radio, Personal Communications Services (PCS), and low earth orbiting (LEO) satellites will provide mobile and personal communications virtually anywhere. Convergence: The convergence of telecommunications, data processing, and imaging technologies has ushered the era of multimedia. Convergence: The convergence of telecommunications, data processing, and imaging technologies has ushered the era of multimedia.

24. Do we need break?

25. Factors Responsible for the Growth of the Telecommunications Sector Competition There was a time when telecommunications seemed to be natural monopoly worldwide. Now, the trend is changing; more and more national governments are liberalizing and introducing competition. The liberalization of the telecom sector has brought competition to the telecom markets.

26. Telecommunication System Users’ Devices Users’ Devices Transmission Systems: Transmission Systems: Wire and cable technology Wireless technology

27. Wire and Cable Technology Copper Wire One of the oldest transmission One of the oldest transmission channels currently in use today Basically used for voice transmission Basically used for voice transmission Easy to install and cheap to acquire Easy to install and cheap to acquire Maintenance cost high and susceptible to corrosion, rain and theft. Maintenance cost high and susceptible to corrosion, rain and theft. In South Africa, in the year 2000, over 740 copper theft incidents were reported, due to this, more than 44 000 Telkom's customers were left without communication for days.

28. Wire and Cable Technology Coaxial Cables Consist of two wires: The first, a copper wire, surrounded by an insulator, the second is surrounded by a metallic cylinder called the shield. Consist of two wires: The first, a copper wire, surrounded by an insulator, the second is surrounded by a metallic cylinder called the shield. provides a higher capacity than the copper cables provides a higher capacity than the copper cables Electrical interference is reducedElectrical interference is reduced It has the potential to also carry television signals It has the potential to also carry television signals

29. Wire and Cable Technology Fibre Optics Fibre optic utilizes thin strands of glass fibre through which light waves travel Fibre optic utilizes thin strands of glass fibre through which light waves travel not susceptible to any electromagnetic interference common to most electrical systems. not susceptible to any electromagnetic interference common to most electrical systems. it provides a higher transmission capacity; it provides broad bandwidth it provides a higher transmission capacity; it provides broad bandwidth provides capacity to transmit all forms of communication (voice, data and video). provides capacity to transmit all forms of communication (voice, data and video). A fiber-optic connection is faster than wireless by many orders of magnitude. A single optical fiber can carry about 3 trillion bits per second (bps). The fastest wireless service (fixed wireless access) approaches 2 million bps. So, fiber optics can be more than a million times faster.

30. Wireless Technologies Microwave Microwave systems transmit voice and data through the atmosphere as super-high-frequency radio waves Microwave systems transmit voice and data through the atmosphere as super-high-frequency radio waves One particular characteristic of the microwave system is that it cannot bend around corners; therefore microwave antennas must be in "line of sight" of each other One particular characteristic of the microwave system is that it cannot bend around corners; therefore microwave antennas must be in "line of sight" of each other The following are some of the characteristics of the microwave system: The following are some of the characteristics of the microwave system: 1. High Volume 2. Long distance transmission 3. Point to point transmission 4. High frequency radio signals are transmitted from one terrestrial transmitter to another 5. Satellites serve as a relay station for transmitting microwave signals over very long distances. See image next slide

31. Wireless Technologies Low-Orbit Satellite and Microwave Transmission Source: Telecom Networks. http://myphliputil.pearsoncmg.com/student/bp_laudon_mis_7/ch08.ppthttp://myphliputil.pearsoncmg.com/student/bp_laudon_mis_7/ch08.ppt

32. Wireless Technologies Satellite System Satellites work by receiving and Satellites work by receiving and transmitting radio signals from one earth station to another transmitting radio signals from one earth station to another Satellite system has the advantages of transmission from point to multipoint systems, which means transmissions can be beamed to areas that are geographically dispersed. Satellite system has the advantages of transmission from point to multipoint systems, which means transmissions can be beamed to areas that are geographically dispersed. Has the potential to beam signals across different countries; this has improved international telephony enormously Has the potential to beam signals across different countries; this has improved international telephony enormously Has also improved television signal transmission as well Has also improved television signal transmission as well

33. Telecommunications in least developed country eg: Africa The telecommunication sector is steadily growing in Africa The telecommunication sector is steadily growing in Africa more than 36 countries have created a separate regulatory body for the telecom sector more than 36 countries have created a separate regulatory body for the telecom sector fixed lines services have very low penetration in Africa fixed lines services have very low penetration in Africa 2.78 main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants Some Reasons for the low penetration are: Some Reasons for the low penetration are: (1) Lack of investment, (2) Investment inefficiencies, (3) Inadequate private sector involvement, (4) foreign exchange scarcity, (5) poor management incentives and (6) Insufficient regional development

34. Telecommunications in Africa Africa is witnessing a thriving cell phone market The liberalization of the African Telecom market has brought increased growth in the cell phone market The liberalization of the African Telecom market has brought increased growth in the cell phone market Many African countries have introduced active competition in the cell phone market Many African countries have introduced active competition in the cell phone market MTN and Vodacom are two of the major cellular operators in Africa MTN and Vodacom are two of the major cellular operators in Africa

35. Telecommunications in Africa Telkom's (South Africa) installed telephones and lines account for about 40 percent of the total lines installed in Africa Telkom's (South Africa) installed telephones and lines account for about 40 percent of the total lines installed in Africa Nigeria, with a population of over 120 million, has the potential for Africa’s largest telecom market. The Nigerian market has witnessed impressive development, especially in mobile telecom market. Nigeria, with a population of over 120 million, has the potential for Africa’s largest telecom market. The Nigerian market has witnessed impressive development, especially in mobile telecom market. Nigeria Telecoms Market Growth, 1991 - 2001

36. The Internet The Internet is the largest computer network on the planet The Internet is the largest computer network on the planet The many uses of the Internet include: The many uses of the Internet include: 1. Electronic Mail (e-mail) 2.World Wide Web (WWW) 3.The connection of remote computers 4.Remote control of remote equipment 5.Remote data acquisition

37. The Fundamental Concept of the Web The Hypertext Concept : works by means of hyperlink, usually in non-linear sequence The Hypertext Concept : works by means of hyperlink, usually in non-linear sequence Web Browser displays a web document and enables users to access web documents Web Browser displays a web document and enables users to access web documents Web Server looks for the requested information, retrieves it and send it to the browser Web Server looks for the requested information, retrieves it and send it to the browser Uniform Resource Locators (URLs): These are the web addresses. Uniform Resource Locators (URLs): These are the web addresses.

38. Structure of web addresses

39. Internet Use in Africa Considerable development has been made in terms of the expansion of the use of the Internet in Africa. Considerable development has been made in terms of the expansion of the use of the Internet in Africa. The African market grew by 126 percent in the year 2000 The African market grew by 126 percent in the year 2000 About 66 percent, of Internet users on the African continent are in South Africa About 66 percent, of Internet users on the African continent are in South Africa Read more: :http://www3.sn.apc.org/africa/afstat.htm http://www3.sn.apc.org/africa/afstat.htm

40. End of Lecture 1 Any Questions?

41. Lecture 2

42. Basic principles and scope of regulations Basic principles and scope of regulations

43. Why Regulate ICTs? Regulation Universal service and Universal access Allocation of scarce resources: Spectrum allocation Serve and protect public interest: Affordable Prices and quality of service Provision of services: From stagnant monopoly to active competition to active competition

44. Types of Regulators Types of Regulators. Types usually distinguished: The industry-specific regulator Regulates one sector (Telecom) and may also regulates adjunct sector such as broadcasting Multi-sector Regulators (Public Service Commissions) Regulate telecom and other industry sectors: Electricity, Water, transport The economy-wide competition regulator Uses competition law to regulate all sector in an economy or country

45. The industry-specific regulator ( Telecom regulator) Determine the size of the telecom market (providing licenses) Determine the size of the telecom market (providing licenses) Foster healthy relations between the different service providers (Overseeing interconnection agreement) Foster healthy relations between the different service providers (Overseeing interconnection agreement) Address consumer complaints and Address consumer complaints and solve them Protect consumers against high prices, Protect consumers against high prices, poor quality of service, inadequate poor quality of service, inadequate infrastructure, limited services, unsafe infrastructure, limited services, unsafe equipment… equipment… Crispin Hughes/Panos Pictures

46. The industry-specific regulator ( Telecom regulator) Resolve disputes, regulate for fair competition (avoid the abuse of dominance in the market place) Resolve disputes, regulate for fair competition (avoid the abuse of dominance in the market place) Ensure efficient use of the frequency spectrum Ensure efficient use of the frequency spectrum Encourage investment, innovation and optimum growth of the sector Encourage investment, innovation and optimum growth of the sector Administer the numbering plan so that there are sufficient numbers available. Administer the numbering plan so that there are sufficient numbers available. Monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment suppliers and service providers Monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment suppliers and service providers

47. Economy-wide competition regulator Apply competition policy evenly across all sectors, particularly where it concerns mergers, horizontal and vertical integration Apply competition policy evenly across all sectors, particularly where it concerns mergers, horizontal and vertical integration Resolve disputes via the courts when complainants present complaints to the competition authority/commission. Resolve disputes via the courts when complainants present complaints to the competition authority/commission.

48. Attributes of a regulator Regulator should not be providing services in the sector it regulates Regulator should not be providing services in the sector it regulates Regulator must be independent: Regulator must be independent: independent of other interest in the telecom sector independent of political interest (e.g Govt.) Regulator must conduct its activities in an open and transparent manner. Regulator must conduct its activities in an open and transparent manner.

49. Two forms of Regulatory Structure in the ICT Sector in Africa Independent Regulator Independent Regulator Regulatory activity located within government line ministries. Regulatory activity located within government line ministries.

50. Models of Regulation in the ICT Sector Government owns and operates the network, while also assuming the roles of policy maker and regulator Model 1 Common in many developing countries prior to the liberalization of the telecom sector

51. Models of Regulation in the ICT Sector Networks are privately owned and operated, but the government, through one entity, makes the policy for and regulates the market. Model 2

52. Models of Regulation in the ICT Sector Networks are privately owned, while the government sets policy for the industry. Regulation is given to an independent body that either reports to the government or acts as an independent commission Model 3

53. Models of Regulation in the ICT Sector Model 4 This is the model in which networks are privately owned, with little specific industry regulation. National competition laws regulate all sectors and telecommunications disputes are settled by the courts.

54. Regulatory Processes The Licensing Process Bidding Process Preceded by an Invitation To Apply (ITA) Preceded by an Invitation To Apply (ITA) States criteria for assessment and selection of winner States criteria for assessment and selection of winner Source: Kim, Park, Ko and Lee (2002:22).

55. Regulatory Processes The Licensing Process Auction Criteria are set and license offer to the highest bidders 2 types: 1. One round or simple auctions (open and closed) 2. Multiple-round auctions The first Telecommunications Auction process in Africa was in Nigeria in 2001 Germany used auction to award UMTS spectrum in 2000 U.K raised $32.58 billion from the UMTS spectrum auction in 2000 The Netherlands auctioned off five licenses for $2.3 billion in 2000 Spain raised only raised $425 million from its sale of four UMTS licenses in 2000

56. Regulatory Processes The Licensing Process Lotteries Fast, inexpensive and transparent approach for selecting from substantially similar or equally qualified applicants. Should generally be preceded by a formal qualification process to select lottery participants

57. Regulatory Processes The Licensing Process Comparative Evaluation process (Beauty Contest) An approach for choosing among multiple applications that are substantially equal. Criteria for selection always published in advance, and applicants strive to demonstrate how their applications meet the criteria better than other applications

58. International Role players and Telecommunications /ICT Regulation WTO’s GATS provides schedules on trade in telecommunications services. Included in GATS is the Annex on Telecommunications which deals with Liberalization Liberalization Competition & prevention of anti-competitive practices Competition & prevention of anti-competitive practices Interconnection Interconnection universal service obligations universal service obligations Making licensing criteria publicly available Making licensing criteria publicly available Establishment of an independent regulator Establishment of an independent regulator Allocation of scarce resources Allocation of scarce resources

59. International Role players and Telecommunications /ICT Regulation The Policy domain of the ITU aims to promote, at the international level, the adoption of a broader approach to the issues of telecommunications The ITU-D provides resources on trends in the global telecom sector. E.g The Annual Trends in Telecommunication Reform Which is based on the annual Telecommunication Regulatory Survey. These are valuable resources for governments reforming their telecommunications sectors.

60. What role can regional Organizations in Africa play in the telecommunications regulation and reform in the continent ? TRASA, ATU, WATRA, COMESA

61. Some More…

62. Information Technology Policy The policies to be pursued for the implementation of the above- mentioned strategies shall be as follows: 1. Declare IT sector a priority sector. 2. Adopt one window system 3. Priorities R & D in IT 4. Provide Internet facility gradually to all Local Levels 5. Assist and encourage educational Institutions for domestic and Foreign Training in IT

63. Continue… 6. Computer the system in all Government Offices 7. Develop physical and Virtual IT parks 8. Use IT to promote e-commerce, e-education, e- health etc. 9. Establish Venture Capital Fund in PPP 10. Enact necessary laws to provide legitimacy to IT application

64. The ICT Vision and Agenda The ability to take full advantages of the information economy for the benefits of all in a given country. The ability to take full advantages of the information economy for the benefits of all in a given country. It requires vision, discipline, planning, and methods. It requires vision, discipline, planning, and methods. The vision sets the stage and the agenda is defined by a strategic plan, followed by an action plan. The vision sets the stage and the agenda is defined by a strategic plan, followed by an action plan. There are three main aspects that need to be considered from strategic planning standing point There are three main aspects that need to be considered from strategic planning standing point First : Importance of maintaining human resource First : Importance of maintaining human resource Focusing on benefits of people through the appropriate use of ICT. Focusing on benefits of people through the appropriate use of ICT.

65. Continue… Second: Define the Process Second: Define the Process Decide the steps and managing these process. Decide the steps and managing these process. Third: Impact of changes in international economy especially in telecommunication sector, on the diffusion of technology and of ICTs. Third: Impact of changes in international economy especially in telecommunication sector, on the diffusion of technology and of ICTs. ICT vision and strategy should focus on people not in technology. ICT vision and strategy should focus on people not in technology.

66. Defining the process from human development perspective It is complex and interlinked. The strategic planning is needed because of following reasons. It is complex and interlinked. The strategic planning is needed because of following reasons. To understand the goal of using ICTs from a people perspective. To understand the goal of using ICTs from a people perspective. The questions like these are to be answered: The questions like these are to be answered: –What are we trying to do? –What is the ICT strategy for and why? –Who is this for? –What is ultimate vision or goal? –What are the objectives to achieve the goal? –How do these help the country to meet MDG [Millennium Development Goals]

67. Continue… To help to define the benefits and outcomes sought in the vision, goal and development. To help to define the benefits and outcomes sought in the vision, goal and development. Measuring the benefits and comparing with benchmarks of progress and define success. Measuring the benefits and comparing with benchmarks of progress and define success. To define scope. To define scope. To define main stakeholders and their concerns. To define main stakeholders and their concerns. To identify and understand pertinent issues. To identify and understand pertinent issues. To help to compare and contrast practices(Best Practices) To help to compare and contrast practices(Best Practices) To prioritize the required resources, and way to implement and these priorities and move forward. To prioritize the required resources, and way to implement and these priorities and move forward.

68. Understanding human needs and how ICTs can help achieve them First of all, there is a need to know the requirements and who are the people they need it. First of all, there is a need to know the requirements and who are the people they need it. How many people will be benefits by using ICTs. How many people will be benefits by using ICTs. ICTs for human development are not about the technology, but about the people using the technology to meet some basic needs. ICTs for human development are not about the technology, but about the people using the technology to meet some basic needs.

69. The changing international marketplace As the international economy become predominant, efforts to streamline its operation or at least encourage greater collaboration and interoperability have been the object of the much efforts. As the international economy become predominant, efforts to streamline its operation or at least encourage greater collaboration and interoperability have been the object of the much efforts.

70. Any Questions?