1. Electronics Engineering (NEC 101/201)
Text Books:
1. Robert L. Boylestad &Louis Nashelsky “Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory” ,Tenth Edition, Pearson Education, 2013
2. H S Kalsi, “Electronics Instrumentation,” Third Edition, TMH Publication 2012
3. George Kennedy, “Electronic Communication System”, Fifth Edition , TMH Publication, 2012

2. Unit 1 The Physical Principles of Semiconductor Diodes Diode Circuits
Semiconductor Diode and its application
The Physical Principles of Semiconductor
Diodes
Diode Circuits
Zener Diode
Varactor Diode
Tunnel Diode
Liquid Crystal Displays.

8. Unit 2 Transistor Action Transistor Configuration DC Biasing BJT’s
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Transistor Action
Transistor Configuration
DC Biasing BJT’s
Field Effect Transistor
MOSFET (Depletion and Enhancement)Type

12. FET ( Field Effect Transistor)
Few important advantages of FET over conventional Transistors
Unipolar device i. e. operation depends on only one type of charge carriers (h or e)
Voltage controlled Device (gate voltage controls drain current)
Very high input impedance ( )
Source and drain are interchangeable in most Low-frequency applications
Low Voltage Low Current Operation is possible (Low-power consumption)
Less Noisy as Compared to BJT
No minority carrier storage (Turn off is faster)
Self limiting device
Very small in size, occupies very small space in ICs
Low voltage low current operation is possible in MOSFETS
Zero temperature drift of out put is possible.

13. Types of Field Effect Transistors (The Classification)
JFET
MOSFET (IGFET)
n-Channel JFET
p-Channel JFET
FET
Enhancement MOSFET
Depletion MOSFET
n-Channel EMOSFET
n-Channel DMOSFET
p-Channel DMOSFET
p-Channel EMOSFET

14. The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
Figure: n-Channel JFET.

15. JFET Transfer Curve This graph shows the value of ID for a given value of VGS

16. Unit 3 Op-Amp Basic Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
Op-Amp Basic
Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Differential Amplifier Circuits
Differential and Common-Mode Operation

17. Positive power supply (Positive rail)
Terminals on an Op Amp
Positive power supply (Positive rail)
Non-inverting
Input terminal
Output terminal
Inverting input
terminal
Negative power supply
(Negative rail)

18. Op Amp Equivalent Circuit
vd = v2 – v1
A is the open-loop voltage gain v2 v1
Voltage controlled voltage source

19. Typical Op Amp Parameters
Variable
Typical Ranges
Ideal Values
Open-Loop Voltage Gain A
105 to 108 ∞
Input Resistance Ri
105 to 1013 W
∞ W
Output Resistance Ro
10 to 100 W
0 W
Supply Voltage
Vcc/V+
-Vcc/V-
5 to 30 V
-30V to 0V
N/A

20. Voltage Transfer Characteristic
Range where we operate the op amp as an amplifier. vd

21. Almost Ideal Op Amp Ri = ∞ W Ro = 0 W Usually, vd = 0V so v1 = v2
Therefore, i1 = i2 = 0A
Ro = 0 W
Usually, vd = 0V so v1 = v2
The op amp forces the voltage at the inverting input terminal to be equal to the voltage at the noninverting input terminal if there is some component connecting the output terminal to the inverting input terminal.
Rarely is the op amp limited to V- < vo < V+.
The output voltage is allowed to be as positive or as negative as needed to force vd = 0V.

22. Unit 4
Digital Voltmeter
Digital Multimeters
Oscilloscope

24. Multimeters are designed and mass produced
Multimeters are designed and mass produced. The simplest and cheapest types may include features which are not likely to use. Digital meters give an output in numbers, usually on a liquid crystal display.

25. Switched

27. What do meters measure?
A meter is a measuring instrument. An ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter measures resistance. A multimeter combines these functions, and possibly some additional ones as well, into a single instrument.

28. Multimeter as a Ammeter
Turn Power Off before connecting multimeter
Break Circuit
Place multimeter in series with circuit
Select highest current setting, turn power on, and work your way down.
Turn power off
Disconnect multimeter.
Reconnect Circuit

29. Ammeter mode measures current in Amperes
Ammeter mode measures current in Amperes. To measure current you need to power off the circuit, you need to break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series. All the current flowing in the circuit must pass through the ammeter. Meters are not supposed to alter the behavior of the circuit, so the ammeter must have a very LOW resistance. The diagrams below show the connection of a multimeter to measure current.

31. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
Display
Channel1
Channel 2
Time base
Y-gain
My tie

32. CRO in a Circuit
CRO
Resistor of known value (shunt) R
It can be used as a voltmeter by connecting it across a component.
It can be used as an ammeter by measuring the voltage across a resistor of known value. Then use I = V/R to get the current.

33. Reading the CRO 1 Peak-to-Peak voltage
To get the time period you need to measure this distance and convert it to time by multiplying by the time base setting
Time Period (ms)

34. The total height of the wave from peak to trough is 6.4 cm
Reading the CRO 2
The total height of the wave from peak to trough is 6.4 cm
 Vpk to pk= 12.8 V
V0 = 6.4 V
1 cycle occupies 2.8 cm
 T = 1.40 ms = 1.40  10-3 s
 Frequency = 1  1.40  10-3 s = 714 Hz
6.4 cm
2.8 cm
The time base controls are set at 5 ms/cm
The voltage gain is set at 2 V/cm

35. Summary Mains electricity is always AC.
In Europe it is at a frequency of 50 Hz.
AC waveforms have peak voltage and RMS voltage.
VRMS = 0.7 VPk
AC waveforms can be studied with a CRO.

36. Unit 5 Fundamentals of Communication Engineering Communication System
Need of modulation
Basics of signal representation and analysis
modulation and demodulation techniques

37. Communication Systems
Basic components:
Transmitter
Channel or medium
Receiver
Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted information.

38. Communication Systems
Figure 1: A general model of all communication systems.

39. Communication Systems
Transmitter
The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits that converts the electrical signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a given medium.
Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.

40. Communication Systems
Communication Channel
The communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another.
Types of media include
Electrical conductors
Optical media
Free space
System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).

41. Communication Systems
Receivers
A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the channel and converts it back into a form understandable by humans.
Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or detector that recovers the original intelligence signal from the modulated carrier.

42. Communication Systems
Transceivers
A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits that both send and receive signals.
Examples are:
Telephones
Fax machines
Handheld CB radios
Cell phones
Computer modems

43. Communication Systems
Attenuation
Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media of wireless transmission. It is proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver.

44. Communication Systems
Noise
Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system via the communicating medium and interferes with the transmitted message.

45. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum.

46. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Figure 1-13: The electromagnetic spectrum.

47. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency
A signal is located on the frequency spectrum according to its frequency and wavelength.
Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave that occur in a given period of time.
A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals, current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations.
Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps).
The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).

48. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in meters.
Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle.
The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ).

49. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Figure 1-15: Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength.

50. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency
Speed of light = 3 × 108 meters/second
Therefore:
λ = 3 × 108 / f
Example:
What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz?
λ = 3 × 108 / 4 MHz
= 75 meters (m)

51. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into segments:
Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF)
30–300 Hz.
Voice Frequencies (VF)
300–3000 Hz.
Very Low Frequencies (VLF)
include the higher end of the human hearing range up to about 20 kHz.
Low Frequencies (LF)
30–300 kHz.
Medium Frequencies (MF)
300–3000 kHz
AM radio 535–1605 kHz.

52. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
High Frequencies (HF)
(short waves; VOA, BBC broadcasts; government and military two-way communication; amateur radio, CB.
3–30 MHz
Very High Frequencies (VHF)
FM radio broadcasting (88–108 MHz), television channels 2–13.
30–300 MHz
Ultra High Frequencies (UHF)
TV channels 14–67, cellular phones, military communication.
300–3000 MHz

53. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
Microwaves and Super High Frequencies (SHF)
Satellite communication, radar, wireless LANs, microwave ovens
1–30 GHz
Extremely High Frequencies (EHF)
Satellite communication, computer data, radar
30–300 GHz

54. THANK YOU