1. Unit 10: WWII World War II in Europe 1939-45 World War II in the Pacific 1941-1945

2. Leaders in WWII Germany- Adolf Hitler Germany- Adolf Hitler Japan- General Tojo Japan- General Tojo Italy- Benito Mussolini Italy- Benito Mussolini USA- Franklin D. Roosevelt Great Britain- Winston Churchill USSR- Joseph Stalin

3. US remains Isolated Neutrality Acts 1935 outlaws arm sales & loans to nations at war; also to nations engaged in civil wars Neutrality Acts 1935 outlaws arm sales & loans to nations at war; also to nations engaged in civil wars However the US did support China in 1937 when Japan invaded the mainland because Japan did not declare war on China. The US sent weapons/supplies to China However the US did support China in 1937 when Japan invaded the mainland because Japan did not declare war on China. The US sent weapons/supplies to China

4. FDR’s Policies 1933-1938 In his first term, FDR’s concern with the Depression left little time to deal with foreign affairs In his first term, FDR’s concern with the Depression left little time to deal with foreign affairs He did, however, extend Hoover’s efforts at improving U.S. relations with Latin America by initiating a good-neighbor policy He did, however, extend Hoover’s efforts at improving U.S. relations with Latin America by initiating a good-neighbor policy Good-Neighbor Policy: FDR wanted good relations with Latin American nations because: (1) U.S. interventionism in support of dollar diplomacy no longer made sense, since U.S. businesses during the depression lacked the resources to invest in foreign operations (2) The rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy prompted FDR to seek cooperation with Latin America (help defend the region)

6. Axis as Aggressors GR/IT are Fascists; Japan is an Empire GR/IT are Fascists; Japan is an Empire –Hitler/Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis Pact – Germany Signs Anti-Communism Pact with Japan Japan Invades China 1937 Japan Invades China 1937 GR invades Austria 1938 GR invades Austria 1938 Hitler wants the Sudetenland (CZ) 1938; GRBR/FR do not war so they sign the Munich Pact and give away Sudetenland to GR Hitler wants the Sudetenland (CZ) 1938; GRBR/FR do not war so they sign the Munich Pact and give away Sudetenland to GR

7. GR invades Czechoslovakia 1939 GR invades Czechoslovakia 1939 GR and USSR sign a secret agreement = non-aggression pact to allow GR to invade Poland, divide it between them and not attack each other 1939 GR and USSR sign a secret agreement = non-aggression pact to allow GR to invade Poland, divide it between them and not attack each other 1939 GR invades Poland 1939 = WWII begins when GRBR/FR declare war GR invades Poland 1939 = WWII begins when GRBR/FR declare war

8. German War tactics Blitzkrieg -Airplanes/ Tanks/ Infantry -- https://youtu.be/bp YpbiIZDGw https://youtu.be/bp YpbiIZDGw https://youtu.be/bp YpbiIZDGw -- https://youtu.be/Dg WGhPnjGSo https://youtu.be/Dg WGhPnjGSo https://youtu.be/Dg WGhPnjGSo

9. Blitzkrieg tactics required the concentration of offensive weapons (such as tanks, planes, and artillery) along a narrow front. These forces would drive a breach in enemy defenses, permitting armored tank divisions to penetrate rapidly and roam freely behind enemy lines, causing shock and disorganization among the enemy defenses. German air power prevented the enemy from adequately resupplying or redeploying forces and thereby from sending reinforcements to seal breaches in the front. German forces could in turn encircle opposing troops and force surrender. Blitzkrieg tactics required the concentration of offensive weapons (such as tanks, planes, and artillery) along a narrow front. These forces would drive a breach in enemy defenses, permitting armored tank divisions to penetrate rapidly and roam freely behind enemy lines, causing shock and disorganization among the enemy defenses. German air power prevented the enemy from adequately resupplying or redeploying forces and thereby from sending reinforcements to seal breaches in the front. German forces could in turn encircle opposing troops and force surrender.

10. Atlantic Charter Joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941.

11. World War II World War II FR waits to be attacked; FR waits to be attacked; GR invades other nations in Europe: Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (April-May 1940) GR invades other nations in Europe: Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (April-May 1940) Winston Churchill became prime minister Winston Churchill became prime minister GR invade FR June 1940; cut through the Ardennes Forrest and through Belgium on their way to Paris GR invade FR June 1940; cut through the Ardennes Forrest and through Belgium on their way to Paris

12. At Dunkirk GRBR/FR forces are trapped; they must retreat across the English Channel to avoid capture At Dunkirk GRBR/FR forces are trapped; they must retreat across the English Channel to avoid capture IT joined GR and invaded FR IT joined GR and invaded FR Within less than 2 months France surrenders to GR; the Nazis controlled the northern FR while the southern half of the country was controlled by a “puppet government”; the FR army & their leader Charles De Gaulle fled to England to avoid capture Within less than 2 months France surrenders to GR; the Nazis controlled the northern FR while the southern half of the country was controlled by a “puppet government”; the FR army & their leader Charles De Gaulle fled to England to avoid capture

13. Battle of Britain With all of Europe now under Nazi control, the only country alone was Great Britain (England) With all of Europe now under Nazi control, the only country alone was Great Britain (England) Prior to attempting to invade England, GR used FR as a staging ground to send airplanes to attack Britain. Prior to attempting to invade England, GR used FR as a staging ground to send airplanes to attack Britain. The “Battle of Britain” was an air war; GR sent bombers to blow up towns & the English used their fighter planes to shoot down those GR planes The “Battle of Britain” was an air war; GR sent bombers to blow up towns & the English used their fighter planes to shoot down those GR planes

14. The Battle of Britain is from the summer of 1940-October 1940; The Battle of Britain is from the summer of 1940-October 1940; GR planes caused significant damage to major cities, but the RAF managed to destroy many of the bombers. In one air battle the GR lost 185 planes while the RAF only lost 26 GR planes caused significant damage to major cities, but the RAF managed to destroy many of the bombers. In one air battle the GR lost 185 planes while the RAF only lost 26 The GR were unable to break the British morale The GR were unable to break the British morale “Operation Sea Lion” or the invasion of England is called off and Hitler turns to the East to attack Russia “Operation Sea Lion” or the invasion of England is called off and Hitler turns to the East to attack Russia

15. Battle of Britain https://youtu.be/euRlmTHpSCI https://youtu.be/euRlmTHpSCI https://youtu.be/euRlmTHpSCI

18. FDR changes US policy 1940-41 Cash and Carry- Allowed warring nations to buy US arms as long as they paid in cash and transported them in own ships. Cash and Carry- Allowed warring nations to buy US arms as long as they paid in cash and transported them in own ships. Lend-Lease Plan- the US will “Lend” arms and supplies to countries at war, they in turn will “Lease” property to the US Lend-Lease Plan- the US will “Lend” arms and supplies to countries at war, they in turn will “Lease” property to the US

19. Roosevelt, eager to ensure public consent for this controversial plan, explained to the public and the press that his plan was comparable to one neighbor's lending another a garden hose to put out a fire in his home. "What do I do in such a crisis?" the president asked at a press conference. "I don't say... 'Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it' …I don't want $15 — I want my garden hose back after the fire is over." Roosevelt, eager to ensure public consent for this controversial plan, explained to the public and the press that his plan was comparable to one neighbor's lending another a garden hose to put out a fire in his home. "What do I do in such a crisis?" the president asked at a press conference. "I don't say... 'Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it' …I don't want $15 — I want my garden hose back after the fire is over."

20. In addition ---In the Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom on September 2, 1940, fifty class US Navy destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions In addition ---In the Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom on September 2, 1940, fifty class US Navy destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions United StatesUnited KingdomRoyal NavyUnited States Navy United StatesUnited KingdomRoyal NavyUnited States Navy The US set up bases on Bermuda, Newfoundland, Argentina, Bahamas, Jamaica, British Guiana The US set up bases on Bermuda, Newfoundland, Argentina, Bahamas, Jamaica, British Guiana

21. US supplied 30 nations during WWII British Empire and Commonwealth British Empire and Commonwealth British Empire British Empire Soviet Union Soviet Union Soviet Union Soviet Union France and French Colonial Empire France and French Colonial Empire France China China China Netherlands and Colonial Empire Netherlands and Colonial Empire Netherlands Belgium Belgium Belgium Greece Greece Greece Norway Norway Norway Turkey Turkey Turkey Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Poland Poland Poland Liberia Liberia Liberia Iran Iran Iran Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopia Iceland Iceland Iceland Iraq Iraq Iraq Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Brazil Mexico Chile Peru Colombia Ecuador Uruguay Cuba Bolivia Venezuela Guatemala Paraguay Dominican Republic Haiti Nicaragua El Salvador Honduras Costa Rica

22. 22 US INDUSTRY GEARS UP FOR WAR AND PRODUCES GREAT QUANTITIES OF ARMS AND EQUIPMENT FOR ALL THE ALLIES “The Great Arsenal of Democracy” https://youtu.be/G7BKvlobfBY

23. 23 THE UNITED STATES BECAME INVOLVED BY SUPPLYING WAR MATERIALS FOR THE ALLIES

24. In addition to supplying Western European countries, the US also supplied the USSR beginning in 1941 after Hitler broke the 1939 German-USSR Non-Aggression Pact. Why would FDR do this? FDR agreed with Winston Churchill who said “if Hitler invaded Hell,” the British would be willing to work with the devil himself. (My enemy’s, enemy, is my friend) Lend-Lease by the British was made in the form of several valuable technologies, including those related to radar, sonar, jet engines, antitank weaponry, rockets, superchargers, gyroscopic gunsights, submarine detection, self-sealing fuel tanks, and plastic explosives as well as the British contribution to the Manhattan Project. radarsonarjet engines superchargersgyroscopic gunsightsself-sealing fuel tanksplastic explosivesBritish contribution to the Manhattan Project

25. Germany attacks Soviet Union June 22, 1941 Germany attacks Soviet Union June 22, 1941 Purpose was to destroy communism & get RU resources Purpose was to destroy communism & get RU resources Very bloody battle over land Very bloody battle over land Battle of Stalingrad: Turning point Battle of Stalingrad: Turning point

27. War in the Pacific Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. On September 27, 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the "Axis." Seeking to curb Japanese aggression and force a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and China, the United States imposed economic sanctions on Japan. Faced with severe shortages of oil and other natural resources and driven by the ambition to displace the United States as the dominant Pacific power, Japan decided to attack the United States and British forces in Asia and seize the resources of Southeast Asia.Axis

28. WWII in the Pacific Timeline http://www.historyplace.com/uni tedstates/pacificwar/timeline.ht m http://www.historyplace.com/uni tedstates/pacificwar/timeline.ht m http://www.historyplace.com/uni tedstates/pacificwar/timeline.ht m http://www.historyplace.com/uni tedstates/pacificwar/timeline.ht m

29. Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 7am on a Sunday morning 180 Japanese aircraft were launched from 6 aircraft carriers; 7am on a Sunday morning 180 Japanese aircraft were launched from 6 aircraft carriers; 2,403 Americans were killed, 1,178 were wounded 2,403 Americans were killed, 1,178 were wounded Sunk or damaged 21 ships, including 8 battleships and 300 aircrafts Sunk or damaged 21 ships, including 8 battleships and 300 aircrafts Japanese missed 3 US aircraft carriers that were training away from Pearl; did not destroy the repair yard, the oil/gas storage facilities Japanese missed 3 US aircraft carriers that were training away from Pearl; did not destroy the repair yard, the oil/gas storage facilities

33. USS Yorktown Carrier

37. FDR’s Speech 12/8/41 https://youtu.be/YhtuMrMVJDk https://youtu.be/YhtuMrMVJDk https://youtu.be/YhtuMrMVJDk

38. Japan moves to dominate the Pacific The United States is the only power blocking Japan’s plan to conquer the Pacific The United States is the only power blocking Japan’s plan to conquer the Pacific The Japanese had destroyed 75% of US naval power in the Pacific. The Japanese had destroyed 75% of US naval power in the Pacific. Philippines- was a US protectorate since 1898. Philippines- was a US protectorate since 1898. Douglas Macarthur- commanding Army officer. Douglas Macarthur- commanding Army officer. Chester Nimitz- commanding Naval officer. Chester Nimitz- commanding Naval officer.

39. Japanese Aggression In the first 6 months after Pearl Harbor (Dec 1941-May 1942) the Japanese invaded: Hong Kong, French Indochina (Vietnam), Malaya, Burma, Thailand, more of China, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, Solomon Islands, the Aleutian Islands (Alaska). In the first 6 months after Pearl Harbor (Dec 1941-May 1942) the Japanese invaded: Hong Kong, French Indochina (Vietnam), Malaya, Burma, Thailand, more of China, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, Solomon Islands, the Aleutian Islands (Alaska). In addition they overran the Philippines immediately after Pearl Harbor: 80,000 US/Filipinos were captured, forced to march (Batann) and then put into concentration camps for the rest of the war. In addition they overran the Philippines immediately after Pearl Harbor: 80,000 US/Filipinos were captured, forced to march (Batann) and then put into concentration camps for the rest of the war.

40. General Douglas Macarthur General Douglas Macarthur Commander of American forces in the Philippines; ordered to leave by FDR Commander of American forces in the Philippines; ordered to leave by FDR “ I shall return” “ I shall return”

41. Bataan Death March 1942 Bataan Death March 1942 American/Filipino troops were captured by the Japanese. Soldiers were forced to march 6 days, 80-90 miles to the American/Filipino troops were captured by the Japanese. Soldiers were forced to march 6 days, 80-90 miles to the Concentration Camps shot/killed if they stopped/fell by the wayside

42. Bataan Death March 1942

43. US Battles in the Pacific April 1942: Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, 16 US bombers struck Tokyo in a surprise attack April 1942: Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, 16 US bombers struck Tokyo in a surprise attack May 1942: Battle of Coral Sea; succeeded in stopping the Japanese from conquering Australia; air battle; stopped & turned back the Japanese advance in the Pacific May 1942: Battle of Coral Sea; succeeded in stopping the Japanese from conquering Australia; air battle; stopped & turned back the Japanese advance in the Pacific

44. June 1943: Battle of Midway; Allies stopped the Japanese after their code was broken. Admiral Chester Nimitz struck at the Japanese naval forces; US reconnaissance led to an airbattle and the destruction of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers/250 airplanes/a cruiser June 1943: Battle of Midway; Allies stopped the Japanese after their code was broken. Admiral Chester Nimitz struck at the Japanese naval forces; US reconnaissance led to an airbattle and the destruction of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers/250 airplanes/a cruiser *this is a TURNING POINT in the war in the Pacific. After this battle the US begins to win the war *this is a TURNING POINT in the war in the Pacific. After this battle the US begins to win the war

45. “Island Hopping in the Pacific After the Battle of Midway, the United States launched a counter-offensive strike known as "island-hopping," establishing a line of overlapping island bases, as well as air control. The idea was to capture certain key islands, one after another, until Japan came within range of American bombers. Led by General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific, and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet, the first stage of the offensive began with the Navy under Nimitz, and Marine landings on Guadalcanal and nearby islands in the Solomons. After the Battle of Midway, the United States launched a counter-offensive strike known as "island-hopping," establishing a line of overlapping island bases, as well as air control. The idea was to capture certain key islands, one after another, until Japan came within range of American bombers. Led by General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific, and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet, the first stage of the offensive began with the Navy under Nimitz, and Marine landings on Guadalcanal and nearby islands in the Solomons.Battle of MidwayDouglas MacArthurBattle of MidwayDouglas MacArthur

46. Allies on the Offensive August 1942: Guadalcanal; US forces fought for 6 months to take the island and marked Japan’s first defeat on land August 1942: Guadalcanal; US forces fought for 6 months to take the island and marked Japan’s first defeat on land “ Hell was red furry spiders as big as your fist, giant lizards as long as your leg, leeches falling from trees to suck blood, armies of white ants with bites of fire, scurrying scorpions inflaming any flesh they touched, enormous rats and bats everywhere, and rivers with waiting crocodiles. Hell was the sour, foul smell of the squishy jungle, humidity that rotted a body within hours,…stinking wet heat of dripping rain forests that sapped the strength of any man.” Ralph G. Martin The GI War “ Hell was red furry spiders as big as your fist, giant lizards as long as your leg, leeches falling from trees to suck blood, armies of white ants with bites of fire, scurrying scorpions inflaming any flesh they touched, enormous rats and bats everywhere, and rivers with waiting crocodiles. Hell was the sour, foul smell of the squishy jungle, humidity that rotted a body within hours,…stinking wet heat of dripping rain forests that sapped the strength of any man.” Ralph G. Martin The GI War

47. Allied Offensive October 1944: Battle of Leyte Island; 178,000 Allied troops/738 ships October 1944: Battle of Leyte Island; 178,000 Allied troops/738 ships Japanese used “kamikaze” (divine wind) pilots in suicide missions to disrupt the US advance at Leyte. In 3 days the Japanese lost 3 battleships/4 aircraft carriers/13 cruisers/500 airplanes. After this battle the Japanese Navy plays a minor role in defense of Japan MacArthur returns to the Philippines

48. Allied Offensive March 1945: Philippines are freed March 1945: Philippines are freed February-March 1945: Battle of Iwo Jima; February-March 1945: Battle of Iwo Jima; The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified, with a dense network of bunkers, hidden artillery positions, and 11 miles of underground tunnels. The Americans on the ground were supported by extensive naval artillery and complete air supremacy over Iwo Jima from the beginning of the battle by U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aviators. The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified, with a dense network of bunkers, hidden artillery positions, and 11 miles of underground tunnels. The Americans on the ground were supported by extensive naval artillery and complete air supremacy over Iwo Jima from the beginning of the battle by U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aviators.Imperial Japanese Armyfortifiedbunkersartillerynaval artilleryair supremacyImperial Japanese Armyfortifiedbunkersartillerynaval artilleryair supremacy

49. Marine Memorial Washington, DC

50. Japanese combat deaths numbered three times the number of American deaths, although uniquely in the Pacific War, American total casualties (dead and wounded) exceeded those of the Japanese. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers on Iwo Jima at the beginning of the battle, only 216 were taken prisoner, some of whom were captured because they had been knocked unconscious or otherwise disabled. The majority of the remainder were killed in action, although it has been estimated that as many as 3,000 continued to resist within the various cave systems for many days afterwards, eventually succumbing to their injuries or surrendering weeks later. Japanese combat deaths numbered three times the number of American deaths, although uniquely in the Pacific War, American total casualties (dead and wounded) exceeded those of the Japanese. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers on Iwo Jima at the beginning of the battle, only 216 were taken prisoner, some of whom were captured because they had been knocked unconscious or otherwise disabled. The majority of the remainder were killed in action, although it has been estimated that as many as 3,000 continued to resist within the various cave systems for many days afterwards, eventually succumbing to their injuries or surrendering weeks later. 6,000 Marines died taking this island, the most deaths in a Pacific battle to date; 6,000 Marines died taking this island, the most deaths in a Pacific battle to date;

51. Despite the bloody fighting and severe casualties on both sides, the Japanese defeat was assured from the start. Overwhelming American superiority in arms and numbers as well as complete control of air power—coupled with the impossibility of Japanese retreat or reinforcement, along with sparse food and supplies—permitted no plausible circumstance in which the Americans could have lost the battle Despite the bloody fighting and severe casualties on both sides, the Japanese defeat was assured from the start. Overwhelming American superiority in arms and numbers as well as complete control of air power—coupled with the impossibility of Japanese retreat or reinforcement, along with sparse food and supplies—permitted no plausible circumstance in which the Americans could have lost the battle

52. Battle at Okinawa April 1945: US Marines invaded Okinawa; there were 1,900 kamikaze attacks on the Allies sinking 30 US ships, damaging 300 more, killing 5,000 seamen April 1945: US Marines invaded Okinawa; there were 1,900 kamikaze attacks on the Allies sinking 30 US ships, damaging 300 more, killing 5,000 seamen April-June 1945: 7,600 US troops died; 110,000 Japanese killed defending Okinawa. 2 Japanese Generals committed ritual suicide over surrender. April-June 1945: 7,600 US troops died; 110,000 Japanese killed defending Okinawa. 2 Japanese Generals committed ritual suicide over surrender. *foreshadowed Japanese invasion *foreshadowed Japanese invasion

53. WWII in the Pacific Maps http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/e ducation/worldwar2/theatres-of- war/pacific/1939/ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/e ducation/worldwar2/theatres-of- war/pacific/1939/ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/e ducation/worldwar2/theatres-of- war/pacific/1939/ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/e ducation/worldwar2/theatres-of- war/pacific/1939/ http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u 8/ http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u 8/ http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u 8/ http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u 8/

54. Japanese Americans Japanese Americans Japanese & Japanese Americans were put in “Internment camps”

56. American propaganda tended to use race to stir up support for the war effort

58. Japanese American Internment Many Japanese Americans were sent to barracks of internment camps located throughout the West Many Japanese Americans were sent to barracks of internment camps located throughout the West Japanese Americans living in other parts of the nation, including Hawaii, did not come under the order to go to internment camps Japanese Americans living in other parts of the nation, including Hawaii, did not come under the order to go to internment camps In the case of Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the U.S. government’s internment policy as justified in wartime In the case of Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the U.S. government’s internment policy as justified in wartime Years later (1988), the federal government agreed that an injustice had been done and awarded financial compensation to those who were interned Years later (1988), the federal government agreed that an injustice had been done and awarded financial compensation to those who were interned U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which granted reparations for the internment of Japanese Americans. Heart Mountain Relocation Center, January 10, 1943

59. United States will fight a two front war European front “European Theatre”- North Africa, Italy, and northern France across the western Europe to push the Germans back into Germany European front “European Theatre”- North Africa, Italy, and northern France across the western Europe to push the Germans back into Germany Pacific front “Pacific Theatre”- using air, naval, and man power, “Island hopping” to conquer Japanese forces Pacific front “Pacific Theatre”- using air, naval, and man power, “Island hopping” to conquer Japanese forces

60. German “Wolf Packs” hunted Allied shipping in the Atlantic Ocean The term wolfpack refers to the mass-attack tactics against convoys used by German U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic, and by submarines of the United States Navy against Japanese shipping in the Pacific Ocean in World War II. The term wolfpack refers to the mass-attack tactics against convoys used by German U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic, and by submarines of the United States Navy against Japanese shipping in the Pacific Ocean in World War II. convoysGermanU-boatsKriegsmarine Battle of the AtlanticsubmarinesUnited States NavyJapanesePacific Ocean in World War II convoysGermanU-boatsKriegsmarine Battle of the AtlanticsubmarinesUnited States NavyJapanesePacific Ocean in World War II Although the wolfpacks proved a serious threat to Allied shipping, the Allies developed countermeasures to turn the U-boat organization against itself. Most notably was the fact that wolfpacks required extensive radio communication to coordinate the attacks. This left the U-boats vulnerable to a device called the High Frequency Direction Finder (HF/DF or "Huff-Duff") which allowed Allied naval forces to determine the location of the enemy boats transmitting and attack them. Also, effective air cover, both long- range planes with radar, and escort carriers and blimps, allowed U- boats to be spotted as they shadowed a convoy (waiting for the cover of night to attack). Although the wolfpacks proved a serious threat to Allied shipping, the Allies developed countermeasures to turn the U-boat organization against itself. Most notably was the fact that wolfpacks required extensive radio communication to coordinate the attacks. This left the U-boats vulnerable to a device called the High Frequency Direction Finder (HF/DF or "Huff-Duff") which allowed Allied naval forces to determine the location of the enemy boats transmitting and attack them. Also, effective air cover, both long- range planes with radar, and escort carriers and blimps, allowed U- boats to be spotted as they shadowed a convoy (waiting for the cover of night to attack).radioHigh Frequency Direction Finderescort carriersblimpsradioHigh Frequency Direction Finderescort carriersblimps

61. Allies in North Africa: Operation Torch Allies in North Africa: Operation Torch November 1942-May 1943: US/British troops fight across Northern Africa against German forces; 107,000 allied forces engaged German General Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox” ) November 1942-May 1943: US/British troops fight across Northern Africa against German forces; 107,000 allied forces engaged German General Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox” ) Dwight Eisenhower- Commander of US troops Why start in N. Africa? Dwight Eisenhower- Commander of US troops Why start in N. Africa? http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/a nimations/wwtwo_map_n_africa/index_em bed.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/a nimations/wwtwo_map_n_africa/index_em bed.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/a nimations/wwtwo_map_n_africa/index_em bed.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/a nimations/wwtwo_map_n_africa/index_em bed.shtml

62. Dwight Eisenhower Dwight Eisenhower US Commander of all US troops- North Africa. US Commander of all US troops- North Africa. His plan was to stop Hitler’s troops in North Africa. His plan was to stop Hitler’s troops in North Africa. oil oil

64. The Casablanca Conference, Morocco that took place from January 14–24, 1943 GRBR/US/USSR agree that there must be an “unconditional surrender” by GR/IT; GRBR/US/USSR agree that there must be an “unconditional surrender” by GR/IT; USSR wants GRBR/US to open up a “second front” in Western Europe while the USSR pushes GR forces from the East; USSR wants GRBR/US to open up a “second front” in Western Europe while the USSR pushes GR forces from the East; Allies agree to begin European invasion through Italy Allies agree to begin European invasion through Italy

65. The Italian Campaign Summer 1943: US forces attack Sicily; Italians forced Mussolini out of power Summer 1943: US forces attack Sicily; Italians forced Mussolini out of power GR invades IT in the North to prevent Allies from taking the entire country; GR invades IT in the North to prevent Allies from taking the entire country; Vicious fighting all the way up the Italian peninsula: “Bloody Anzio” 40 miles south of Rome, lasted for 4 months. 25,000 Allied/30,000 GR deaths. Vicious fighting all the way up the Italian peninsula: “Bloody Anzio” 40 miles south of Rome, lasted for 4 months. 25,000 Allied/30,000 GR deaths. IT is not freed until GR collapses in 1945 IT is not freed until GR collapses in 1945

66. Heroes in Combat in Western Europe 99 th /Tuskegee Airmen: flew fighters/bomber escorts for Allied air forces 99 th /Tuskegee Airmen: flew fighters/bomber escorts for Allied air forces 92 nd Infantry division: “Buffaloes” fought in segregated units 92 nd Infantry division: “Buffaloes” fought in segregated units Company E/141 st Regiment: Mexican- American unit Company E/141 st Regiment: Mexican- American unit 100 th Battalion “Purple Heart Battalion”: Japanese Americans infantry 100 th Battalion “Purple Heart Battalion”: Japanese Americans infantry

67. Allies Liberate Europe : Operation Overlord Allies Liberate Europe : Operation Overlord Code name for the invasion of Europe by Allies more commonly known as “Normandy” or “Operation Over-lord” or D-Day on June 6, 1944 Code name for the invasion of Europe by Allies more commonly known as “Normandy” or “Operation Over-lord” or D-Day on June 6, 1944 Largest fleet of ships and men. Largest fleet of ships and men. Normandy, France Normandy, France Dwight Eisenhower is the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces Dwight Eisenhower is the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces What does the “D” in D-Day stand for? What does the “D” in D-Day stand for?

68. the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s control. the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s control. 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region. 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion target. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion target.

69. D-Day Map

72. https://youtu.be/2ryDL7tuAwk https://youtu.be/2ryDL7tuAwk https://youtu.be/2ryDL7tuAwk

73. https://youtu.be/_8uvGjOHFcs https://youtu.be/_8uvGjOHFcs https://youtu.be/_8uvGjOHFcs https://youtu.be/lDZs442oqxA https://youtu.be/lDZs442oqxA https://youtu.be/lDZs442oqxA

74. Allies Gain Ground in Western Europe 1944--

75. Battles of Western Europe · Operation Overlord: June–August 1944 · Operation Overlord: June–August 1944Operation OverlordOperation Overlord · Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine: August– September 1944 · Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine: August– September 1944Allied advance from Paris to the RhineAllied advance from Paris to the Rhine · Battle of Aachen: October 1944 * 1 st German town captured by Allies · Battle of Aachen: October 1944 * 1 st German town captured by AlliesBattle of AachenBattle of Aachen · Battle of the Bulge: December 1944 – January 1945 · Battle of the Bulge: December 1944 – January 1945Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge · Western Allied invasion of Germany: February– May 1945 · Western Allied invasion of Germany: February– May 1945Western Allied invasion of GermanyWestern Allied invasion of Germany

76. Liberation of Paris The Liberation of Paris (also known as the Battle for Paris) from 19 August 1944 until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944. The Liberation of Paris (also known as the Battle for Paris) from 19 August 1944 until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944. Paris had been ruled by Nazi Germany since the signing of the Second Compiègne Armistice on 22 June 1940, after which the Wehrmacht occupied northern and western France. Paris had been ruled by Nazi Germany since the signing of the Second Compiègne Armistice on 22 June 1940, after which the Wehrmacht occupied northern and western France. ParisNazi GermanySecond Compiègne ArmisticeWehrmachtoccupied northern and western France ParisNazi GermanySecond Compiègne ArmisticeWehrmachtoccupied northern and western France Allies allowed De Gaulle and the French Forces that had fled France in 1940, to enter into Paris first, then US/Allied forces moved through Paris on their way to Northern France and other Western European nations; fierce fighting continued in France through 1944 Allies allowed De Gaulle and the French Forces that had fled France in 1940, to enter into Paris first, then US/Allied forces moved through Paris on their way to Northern France and other Western European nations; fierce fighting continued in France through 1944

77. Battle of the Bulge Early on the winter morning of Dec. 16, 1944, more than 200,000 German troops and nearly 1,000 tanks launched Adolf Hitler's last bid to reverse the ebb in his fortunes that had begun when Allied troops landed in France on D-Day Early on the winter morning of Dec. 16, 1944, more than 200,000 German troops and nearly 1,000 tanks launched Adolf Hitler's last bid to reverse the ebb in his fortunes that had begun when Allied troops landed in France on D-Day Seeking to drive to the coast of the English Channel and split the Allied armies as they had done in May 1940, the Germans struck in the Ardennes Forest, a 75-mile stretch of the front characterized by dense woods and few roads, held by four inexperienced and battle-worn American divisions. Seeking to drive to the coast of the English Channel and split the Allied armies as they had done in May 1940, the Germans struck in the Ardennes Forest, a 75-mile stretch of the front characterized by dense woods and few roads, held by four inexperienced and battle-worn American divisions.

78. The supreme Allied commander, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower rushed reinforcements to stop the German penetration. The supreme Allied commander, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower rushed reinforcements to stop the German penetration. Within days, Lt. Gen. George S. Patton Jr. had turned his Third U.S. Army to the north and was counterattacking against the German flank. Within days, Lt. Gen. George S. Patton Jr. had turned his Third U.S. Army to the north and was counterattacking against the German flank. Patton's Third Army had relieved Bastogne, and in the north, the 2nd U.S. Armored Division stopped German tanks short of the Meuse River on Christmas. Patton's Third Army had relieved Bastogne, and in the north, the 2nd U.S. Armored Division stopped German tanks short of the Meuse River on Christmas.

79. Never again would Hitler be able to launch an offensive in the west on such a scale. An admiring British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill stated, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever- famous American victory." Indeed, in terms of participation and losses, the Battle of the Bulge is arguably the greatest battle in American military history. Never again would Hitler be able to launch an offensive in the west on such a scale. An admiring British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill stated, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever- famous American victory." Indeed, in terms of participation and losses, the Battle of the Bulge is arguably the greatest battle in American military history. https://youtu.be/6WHr2Wf_Ly0 https://youtu.be/6WHr2Wf_Ly0 https://youtu.be/6WHr2Wf_Ly0

80. Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge

81. Interactive WWII in Europe Map

82. General Omar Bradley General Omar Bradley US commander US commander Served under Eisenhower Served under Eisenhower General at D-Day and commanded the US armed forces invading Germany General at D-Day and commanded the US armed forces invading Germany “G.I. General” “G.I. General” 5 star general 5 star general Stationed at Ft. Bliss Stationed at Ft. Bliss

83. General George Patton General George Patton US tank commander under Eisenhower US tank commander under Eisenhower “Old Blood and Guts” “Old Blood and Guts” Battle of the Bulge- largest battle of WWII Battle of the Bulge- largest battle of WWII

84. “The Final Solution” BEFORE WORLD WAR II In the years of Nazi rule before World War II, policies of persecution and segregation targeting German Jews focused on the goal of expulsion. BEFORE WORLD WAR II In the years of Nazi rule before World War II, policies of persecution and segregation targeting German Jews focused on the goal of expulsion.World War IIWorld War II After the Nazi party seized power in 1933, state-sponsored racism generated anti-Jewish legislation. After the Nazi party seized power in 1933, state-sponsored racism generated anti-Jewish legislation. racism The Nuremberg Laws (1935) The Nazi leaders sought to drive the Jews out of Germany by systematically isolating them from German society and by eliminating them from the German economy, removing any opportunity for them to make a living in Germany. The Nuremberg Laws (1935) The Nazi leaders sought to drive the Jews out of Germany by systematically isolating them from German society and by eliminating them from the German economy, removing any opportunity for them to make a living in Germany. Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans; Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans;extramarital intercourse Jewsextramarital intercourse Jews The Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights. The Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights.

85. Books considered un-German, including those by Jewish authors, were destroyed in a nationwide book burning; Books considered un-German, including those by Jewish authors, were destroyed in a nationwide book burning;book burningbook burning Jewish citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks. Jewish citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks. Jewish businesses were “marked” with the Star of David and the word Jude Jewish businesses were “marked” with the Star of David and the word Jude Non-Jews gradually stopped socializing with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores Non-Jews gradually stopped socializing with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores As Jews were no longer permitted to work in the civil service or government-regulated professions such as medicine and education, many middle class, business owners, and professionals were forced to take menial employment. As Jews were no longer permitted to work in the civil service or government-regulated professions such as medicine and education, many middle class, business owners, and professionals were forced to take menial employment. Laws not aimed directly at Jews included the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, which called for the compulsory sterilization of people with a range of hereditary, physical, and mental illnesses. Laws not aimed directly at Jews included the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, which called for the compulsory sterilization of people with a range of hereditary, physical, and mental illnesses.Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased OffspringLaw for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring

86. Under the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals, habitual criminals were forced to undergo sterilization as well. This law was also used to force the incarceration in prison or Nazi concentration camps of "social misfits" such as the chronically unemployed, prostitutes, beggars, alcoholics, homeless vagrants, and Romani people. Under the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals, habitual criminals were forced to undergo sterilization as well. This law was also used to force the incarceration in prison or Nazi concentration camps of "social misfits" such as the chronically unemployed, prostitutes, beggars, alcoholics, homeless vagrants, and Romani people.Nazi concentration campsRomani peopleNazi concentration campsRomani people Emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to turn over 90 per cent of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country. Emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to turn over 90 per cent of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country. By 1938 it was almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country willing to take them. Mass deportation schemes proved to be impossible for the Nazis to carry out By 1938 it was almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country willing to take them. Mass deportation schemes proved to be impossible for the Nazis to carry out Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated. The total number of Jews murdered during the resulting Holocaust is estimated at 5.5 to 6 million people Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated. The total number of Jews murdered during the resulting Holocaust is estimated at 5.5 to 6 million peopleHolocaust

87. How did the Nazis know who was Jewish? German officials identified Jews residing in Germany through census records, tax returns, synagogue membership lists, parish records (for converted Jews), routine but mandatory police registration forms, the questioning of relatives, and from information provided by neighbors and officials. In territory occupied by Nazi Germany or its Axis partners, Jews were identified largely through Jewish community membership lists, individual identity papers, captured census documents and police records, and local intelligence networks. German officials identified Jews residing in Germany through census records, tax returns, synagogue membership lists, parish records (for converted Jews), routine but mandatory police registration forms, the questioning of relatives, and from information provided by neighbors and officials. In territory occupied by Nazi Germany or its Axis partners, Jews were identified largely through Jewish community membership lists, individual identity papers, captured census documents and police records, and local intelligence networks. http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=g vKVLcMVIuG&b=394663#9 http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=g vKVLcMVIuG&b=394663#9 http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=g vKVLcMVIuG&b=394663#9 http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=g vKVLcMVIuG&b=394663#9

88. "Night of Broken Glass” Kristallnacht "Night of Broken Glass” Kristallnacht refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 -10, 1938, throughout Germany, Austria, and areas of the Sudetenland recently occupied by German troops. pogroms SA and Hitler Youth members across the country shattered the shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned commercial establishments and looted their wares. Jewish cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many regions. The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police), arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police), arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps.Dachau BuchenwaldSachsenhausenDachau BuchenwaldSachsenhausen This is the first instance in which the Nazi regime incarcerated Jews on a massive scale simply on the basis of their ethnicity. Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured.

89. ANTI-JEWISH LEGISLATION designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. Many of these laws enforced “Aryanization” policy—the transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to “Aryan” ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. Many of these laws enforced “Aryanization” policy—the transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to “Aryan” ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. Legislation restricted access to public transport. Jews could no longer gain admittance to “German” theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. Legislation restricted access to public transport. Jews could no longer gain admittance to “German” theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls.

90. Number of Deaths Every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics and the carrying out of the genocide Every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics and the carrying out of the genocide Other victims of Nazi crimes included Romanis, ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and the mentally and physically disabled. In total, approximately 11 million people were killed, including approximately one million Jewish children. Of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust, approximately two-thirds were killed. Other victims of Nazi crimes included Romanis, ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and the mentally and physically disabled. In total, approximately 11 million people were killed, including approximately one million Jewish children. Of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust, approximately two-thirds were killed.Romanis ethnic PolesSoviet POWs communistshomosexualsJehovah's Witnessesmentally and physically disabledRomanis ethnic PolesSoviet POWs communistshomosexualsJehovah's Witnessesmentally and physically disabled A network of about 42,500 facilities in Germany and German-occupied territories were used to concentrate victims for slave labor, mass murder, and other human rights abuses. Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators. A network of about 42,500 facilities in Germany and German-occupied territories were used to concentrate victims for slave labor, mass murder, and other human rights abuses. Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators.slave laborslave labor

91. A network of concentration camps was established starting in 1933 and ghettos were established following the outbreak of World War II in 1939. A network of concentration camps was established starting in 1933 and ghettos were established following the outbreak of World War II in 1939.concentration campsghettos World War IIconcentration campsghettos World War II In 1941, as Germany conquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen were used to murder around two million Jews and "partisans", often in mass shootings. In 1941, as Germany conquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen were used to murder around two million Jews and "partisans", often in mass shootings.Einsatzgruppen By the end of 1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to specially built extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. By the end of 1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to specially built extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers.extermination campsgas chambersextermination campsgas chambers The campaign of murder continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945. The campaign of murder continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945.end of World War II in Europeend of World War II in Europe

92. Concentration, Labor, & Killing Camps https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/major _camps.html https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/major _camps.html https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/major _camps.html https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/major _camps.html Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies established more than 40,000 camps and other incarceration sites. The Nazis used these sites for a range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people thought to be enemies of the state, and mass murder. The total number of sites is based upon ongoing research into the Nazi records. Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies established more than 40,000 camps and other incarceration sites. The Nazis used these sites for a range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people thought to be enemies of the state, and mass murder. The total number of sites is based upon ongoing research into the Nazi records. The first concentration camps in Germany were established soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933. In the weeks after the Nazis came to power, The SA (Sturmabteilungen; commonly known as Storm Troopers), the SS (Schutzstaffel; Protection Squadrons—the elite guard of the Nazi party), the police, and local civilian authorities organized numerous detention camps to incarcerate real and perceived political opponents of Nazi policy. The first concentration camps in Germany were established soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933. In the weeks after the Nazis came to power, The SA (Sturmabteilungen; commonly known as Storm Troopers), the SS (Schutzstaffel; Protection Squadrons—the elite guard of the Nazi party), the police, and local civilian authorities organized numerous detention camps to incarcerate real and perceived political opponents of Nazi policy.SS

93. Concentration camp commandants used prisoners as forced laborers for SS construction projects such as the construction or expansion of the camps themselves. Concentration camp commandants used prisoners as forced laborers for SS construction projects such as the construction or expansion of the camps themselves. Labor camps were created to force those with a particular skill to work for the Nazi war machine Labor camps were created to force those with a particular skill to work for the Nazi war machine The Killing camps were created specifically to kill as many people as possible: The Killing camps were created specifically to kill as many people as possible: –Men/women/children separated upon entering the camps –Names/numbers were checked off a list –People had to leave their belongings, had their heads shaved, ordered to strip down for a “shower” –Sent to the showers to be “de-loused” but instead were gassed until everyone in the room was dead –Camp members who were “healthy” and worked in the camps for the Nazis had to remove the bodies from the gas chambers, their mouths were checked for gold/silver teeth and those teeth were taken and melted down for the Nazi government. –Bodies were burned in large ovens to hide the vast numbers of deaths that were carried out on a daily basis.

94. Killing Camps To facilitate the "Final Solution", the Nazis established killing centers in Poland, the country with the largest Jewish population. The killing centers were designed for efficient mass murder. Chelmno, the first killing center, opened in December 1941. To facilitate the "Final Solution", the Nazis established killing centers in Poland, the country with the largest Jewish population. The killing centers were designed for efficient mass murder. Chelmno, the first killing center, opened in December 1941."Final Solution"killing centersChelmno"Final Solution"killing centersChelmno The Nazis constructed gas chambers to increase killing efficiency and to make the process more impersonal for the Nazis and camp workers. The Nazis constructed gas chambers to increase killing efficiency and to make the process more impersonal for the Nazis and camp workers.gas chambersgas chambers Auschwitz camp complex, had four gas chambers. During the height of deportations to the camp, up to 6,000 Jews were gassed there each day. Auschwitz camp complex, had four gas chambers. During the height of deportations to the camp, up to 6,000 Jews were gassed there each day. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps #List https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps #List https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps #List https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps #List https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge https://youtu.be/biCIqeibqlg https://youtu.be/biCIqeibqlg https://youtu.be/biCIqeibqlg

95. Liberation of the Camps JULY 23, 1944 SOVIET FORCES LIBERATE MAJDANEK CAMP Soviet forces are the first to approach a major Nazi camp, reaching the Majdanek camp near Lublin, Poland. Surprised by the rapid Soviet advance, the Germans attempt to demolish the camp in an effort to hide the evidence of mass murder. The camp staff sets fire to the large crematorium at Majdanek, but because of the hasty evacuation the gas chambers are left standing. Soviet forces later liberate Auschwitz (January 1945), Gross-Rosen (February 1945), Sachsenhausen (April 1945), Ravensbrueck (April 1945), and Stutthof (May 1945). JULY 23, 1944 SOVIET FORCES LIBERATE MAJDANEK CAMP Soviet forces are the first to approach a major Nazi camp, reaching the Majdanek camp near Lublin, Poland. Surprised by the rapid Soviet advance, the Germans attempt to demolish the camp in an effort to hide the evidence of mass murder. The camp staff sets fire to the large crematorium at Majdanek, but because of the hasty evacuation the gas chambers are left standing. Soviet forces later liberate Auschwitz (January 1945), Gross-Rosen (February 1945), Sachsenhausen (April 1945), Ravensbrueck (April 1945), and Stutthof (May 1945).

96. APRIL 11, 1945 AMERICAN FORCES LIBERATE BUCHENWALD CAMP US forces liberate the Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany, in April 1945, a few days after the Nazis began evacuating the camp. On the day of liberation, an underground prisoner resistance organization seizes control of Buchenwald to prevent atrocities by the retreating camp guards. American forces liberate more than 20,000 prisoners at Buchenwald. American forces also liberate the main camps of Dora-Mittelbau (April 1945), Flossenbuerg (April 1945), Dachau (April 1945), and Mauthausen (May 1945).

97. APRIL 15, 1945 BRITISH FORCES LIBERATE BERGEN-BELSEN CAMP British forces enter the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, near Celle, Germany. Some 60,000 prisoners, most in critical condition because of a typhus epidemic, are found alive. More than 10,000 die of malnutrition or disease within a few weeks APRIL 15, 1945 BRITISH FORCES LIBERATE BERGEN-BELSEN CAMP British forces enter the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, near Celle, Germany. Some 60,000 prisoners, most in critical condition because of a typhus epidemic, are found alive. More than 10,000 die of malnutrition or disease within a few weeks Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

99. http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/26/world/na zi-death-camps/

103. Yalta Conference-1945 The Big Three: agree to accept only an unconditional surrender by Germany, and began plans for a post-war world. Stalin agreed to permit free elections in Eastern Europe and to enter the Asian war against Japan, for which he was promised the return of lands lost to Japan in the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-05. The Big Three: agree to accept only an unconditional surrender by Germany, and began plans for a post-war world. Stalin agreed to permit free elections in Eastern Europe and to enter the Asian war against Japan, for which he was promised the return of lands lost to Japan in the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-05.

104. VE Day- Victory in Europe VE Day- Victory in Europe May 8, 1945 May 8, 1945.

105. On top of Hitler's bunker The entrance Hitler’s suicide

106. World War II Pacific Front

107. General George C. Marshall General George C. Marshall an American statesman and soldier, famous for his leadership roles during World War II and the Cold War. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army under two U.S. Presidents, and served as Secretary of State, and then Secretary of Defense, under President Harry S. Truman. He was hailed as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. an American statesman and soldier, famous for his leadership roles during World War II and the Cold War. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army under two U.S. Presidents, and served as Secretary of State, and then Secretary of Defense, under President Harry S. Truman. He was hailed as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.statesmansoldier World War IICold WarChief of Staff of the United States ArmyU.S. PresidentsSecretary of State Secretary of Defense Harry S. TrumanWinston ChurchillBritish Prime MinisterAlliedFranklin D. Rooseveltstatesmansoldier World War IICold WarChief of Staff of the United States ArmyU.S. PresidentsSecretary of State Secretary of Defense Harry S. TrumanWinston ChurchillBritish Prime MinisterAlliedFranklin D. Roosevelt

108. United States & Australia are the two nations still fighting Japan in the Pacific United States & Australia are the two nations still fighting Japan in the Pacific

109. Douglas MacArthur Douglas MacArthur US Military commander in the Pacific US Military commander in the Pacific “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.” “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.” He received the formal Japanese surrender in September 1945, V-J Day. He received the formal Japanese surrender in September 1945, V-J Day.

110. Chester Nimitz Chester Nimitz US commander of the Navy in the Pacific. US commander of the Navy in the Pacific. “Nimitz shifted to the offensive and defeated the Japanese navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and in the Solomon Islands Campaign. “Nimitz shifted to the offensive and defeated the Japanese navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and in the Solomon Islands Campaign.Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Midway Solomon Islands CampaignBattle of the Coral Sea Battle of Midway Solomon Islands Campaign On October 7, 1943 he was designated Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, and Pacific Ocean Areas. By Act of Congress, approved December 14, 1944, the grade of Fleet Admiral of the United States Navy — the highest grade in the Navy.” October 71943December 141944Fleet Admiral of the United States NavyOctober 71943December 141944Fleet Admiral of the United States Navy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_ Nimitz

111. Flying Tigers The nickname of U.S. fighter pilots, the American Volunteer Group (AVG), who fought against the Japanese in China during World War II. The nickname of U.S. fighter pilots, the American Volunteer Group (AVG), who fought against the Japanese in China during World War II.

112. Code Talkers Code Talkers Navajo Indians would send transmissions for United States. Navajo Indians would send transmissions for United States. Japanese military never broke the code. Japanese military never broke the code.

113. Election of 1944 Election of 1944 Franklin D Roosevelt-elected for the 4 th time. Franklin D Roosevelt-elected for the 4 th time. Died in April 1945 Died in April 1945 Vice President Harry S. Truman Vice President Harry S. Truman

114. Vice President under FDR Vice President under FDR From Missouri From Missouri Distinguished captain of WWI Distinguished captain of WWI 1 st Television broadcasts (instead of “Fireside chats”) 1 st Television broadcasts (instead of “Fireside chats”) “The buck stops here.” “The buck stops here.” Harry S. Truman 33 rd President

115. Manhattan Project Manhattan Project Code name for the development of the Atomic Bomb Code name for the development of the Atomic Bomb Manhattan Project- suggested to FDR by Einstein; efforts to develop the atomic bomb created by Robert Oppenheimer Alamogordo New Mexico Alamogordo New Mexico Fat Man and Little Boy- names of Atomic Bombs Fat Man and Little Boy- names of Atomic Bombs

116. Truman’s decision to use the Atomic Bomb President Truman later wrote that he "regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubts that it should be used." His advisers had warned him to expect massive casualties if the United States invaded Japan. Truman believed it was his duty as president to use every weapon available to save American lives.

117. American Targets The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the dropping of Little Boy The Fat Man mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

118. Hiroshima-August 6,1945 Hiroshima-August 6,1945

120. Nagasaki August 9, 1945

121. V-J Day V-J Day August 15, 1945

122. Theatres of WWII 1 African and Middle Eastern Front 1 African and Middle Eastern Front 1 African and Middle Eastern Front 1 African and Middle Eastern Front 2 Mediterranean Front 2 Mediterranean Front2 Mediterranean Front2 Mediterranean Front 3 Western Front 3 Western Front 3 Western Front 3 Western Front 4 Atlantic 4 Atlantic 4 Atlantic 4 Atlantic 5 Eastern Front 5 Eastern Front 5 Eastern Front 5 Eastern Front 6 Indian Ocean 6 Indian Ocean 6 Indian Ocean 6 Indian Ocean 7 Pacific Theatre 7 Pacific Theatre 7 Pacific Theatre 7 Pacific Theatre 8 China 8 China 8 China 8 China 9 Southeast Asia 9 Southeast Asia 9 Southeast Asia 9 Southeast Asia

123. Women in the war effort Women in the war effort Rosie the Riveter-symbol of women making history working for victory. Rosie the Riveter-symbol of women making history working for victory. Nurses Nurses Hollywood cafe Hollywood cafe USO USO Pin up girls Pin up girls Victory Girls Victory Girls

127. African Americans African Americans African Americans were in segregated units. African Americans were in segregated units. Most were cooks, butlers, and fighting units. Most were cooks, butlers, and fighting units. Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee Airmen

128. Vernon Baker One of the first African American soldiers to see combat. One of the first African American soldiers to see combat. Congressional Medal of Honor Congressional Medal of Honor

129. Mexican Americans Many Mexican Americans worked in defense related industries-over 300,000 served in the military Many Mexican Americans worked in defense related industries-over 300,000 served in the military A 1942 agreement with Mexico allowed Mexican farmworkers, known as braceros, to enter the U.S. in the harvest season without immigration paperwork A 1942 agreement with Mexico allowed Mexican farmworkers, known as braceros, to enter the U.S. in the harvest season without immigration paperwork The sudden influx of Mexican immigrants into Los Angeles stirred white resentment and led to the “zoot suit” riots in the summer of 1943 The sudden influx of Mexican immigrants into Los Angeles stirred white resentment and led to the “zoot suit” riots in the summer of 1943 Zoot suits. 1942

130. Potsdam Conference Potsdam Conference The Potsdam Conference, 1945. The Big Three—Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (replaced on July 26 by Prime Minister Clement Attlee), and U.S. President Harry Truman—met in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to negotiate terms for the end of World War II. The Potsdam Conference, 1945. The Big Three—Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (replaced on July 26 by Prime Minister Clement Attlee), and U.S. President Harry Truman—met in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.

131. United Nations (UN) Representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco April-June 1945 to complete the Charter of the United Nations. In addition to the General Assembly of all member states and a Security Council of 5 permanent and 6 non-permanent members, the Charter provided for an 18- member Economic and Social Council, an International Court of Justice, a Trusteeship Council to oversee certain colonial territories, and a Secretariat under a Secretary General. The Roosevelt administration strove to avoid Woodrow Wilson’s mistakes in selling the League of Nations to the Senate. It sought bipartisan support and in September 1943 the Republican Party endorsed U.S. participation in a postwar international organization, after which both houses of Congress overwhelmingly endorsed participation. Roosevelt also sought to convince the public that an international organization was the best means to prevent future wars. The Senate approved the UN Charter on July 28, 1945, by a vote of 89 to 2. The United Nations came into existence on October 24, 1945, after 29 nations had ratified the Charter. Representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco April-June 1945 to complete the Charter of the United Nations. In addition to the General Assembly of all member states and a Security Council of 5 permanent and 6 non-permanent members, the Charter provided for an 18- member Economic and Social Council, an International Court of Justice, a Trusteeship Council to oversee certain colonial territories, and a Secretariat under a Secretary General. The Roosevelt administration strove to avoid Woodrow Wilson’s mistakes in selling the League of Nations to the Senate. It sought bipartisan support and in September 1943 the Republican Party endorsed U.S. participation in a postwar international organization, after which both houses of Congress overwhelmingly endorsed participation. Roosevelt also sought to convince the public that an international organization was the best means to prevent future wars. The Senate approved the UN Charter on July 28, 1945, by a vote of 89 to 2. The United Nations came into existence on October 24, 1945, after 29 nations had ratified the Charter.

132. The War’s Legacy The most destructive war in the history of the world had profound effects on all nations, including the United States, in the subsequent years following the war The most destructive war in the history of the world had profound effects on all nations, including the United States, in the subsequent years following the war (1) The war cost 300,000 Americans lives and 800,000 wounded (2) The dollar cost was over $320 billion (3) The United Nations was created to find a peaceful solution to future conflicts, when delegates from the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, China and 46 other nations assembled in San Francisco. The U.N. charter was ratified by the U.S. Senate on October 24, 1945.

133. World War IIWorld War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in absolute terms of total dead. Over 60 million people were killed, which was about 3% of the 1940 world population. World War II fatality statistics vary, with estimates of total dead ranging from 50 million to more than 80 million. The higher figure of over 80 million includes deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilians killed totaled 50 to 55 million, including 19 to 28 million from war-related disease and famine. Total military dead: from 21 to 25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. deadliest military conflict in history Civiliansmilitary dead prisoners of war World War IIdeadliest military conflict in history Civiliansmilitary dead prisoners of war

134. Unit 10 WWII Study Guide 10 Matching 30 Multiple Choice Matching: Flying Tigers Flying Tigers Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee Airmen Patton Patton Eisenhower Eisenhower Good Neighbor Policy Good Neighbor Policy Atlantic Charter Atlantic Charter Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg Rationing Rationing Multiple Choice: Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor Operation Torch Operation Torch Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge D Day D Day Hiroshima/Nagasaki Hiroshima/Nagasaki Internment camps Internment camps VE Day; VJ Day VE Day; VJ Day Stalingrad; Midway Stalingrad; Midway Bradley; Nimitz Bradley; Nimitz Manhattan Project Manhattan Project Code Talkers Code Talkers