1. PALMS Single particle composition measurements for ATom Karl Froyd 1,2 and Dan Murphy 1 1. NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory 2. CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, CO View from NASA WB-57 Supporting Measurements Aerosol size distributions (AMP – Chuck Brock, Bernadett Weinzierl) Instrument Data Products Science Objectives Logistics

2. Mineral Dust Aged Biomass Burning NOAA PALMS Instrument Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry Single particle size and composition (0.2 ~ 4  m) detect a particle + + + + – – – vaporize & ionize Time-of-flight MS analyze ions focus particles 193 nm

3. Mineral Dust Processed Sea Salt Aged Biomass Burning Sulfate-Organic mixture Biomass Burning EC Sea Salt Mineral Dust Meteoric Oil Combustion Other Raw Data Basic Products Compositional Details Quantitative Abundances Combine with size distribution instrument Size-resolved and integrated number and mass for each particle type Aging Accumulation of secondary material during Chemical processing Markers for cloud processing Internal mixing etc PALMS Data Products Overview Size-Resolved Particle Types ~3 min resolution ≥5 min resolution

4. Particle Type Data Products SEAC4RS Gulf of Mexico Quantitative Products Composition-Apportioned Volume

5. Aerosol Composition Examples Clouds and BB plumes excluded SEAC4RS Aug-Sept 2013 DC3 May-June 2012 Sulfate-Organic mixture Biomass Burning EC Sea Salt Mineral Dust Meteoric Oil Combustion

6. PALMS ATom - Primary Science Objectives Mapping climate-relevant aerosol Mineral Dust Large fraction of PM, direct forcing, effective ice nuclei largely controls cirrus formation in the NH Sea Salt Large fraction of PM, CCN: partially controls marine stratus Biomass Burning Particles …i.e., internal mixtures of OC, BC, and inorganic fire emissions Large fraction of PM, largest source of OC to the free troposphere, direct forcing (BC and BrC) PALMS is less quantitative but very selective – can differentiate BB from other sources of OC and BC Often more sensitive than gas-phase tracers under bkgnd conditions Abundances are poorly constrained above the BL… in situ measurements are rare Upstream processes: urban emissions, fires, cloud processing, …

7. Ground Network Dust Aerosol Mass (  g m -3 ) GEOS-Chem PALMS Ground networks Dust simulations: SE US DC-8 Intercomparison Sea Salt PALMS SAGA derived ATom CCMs AM3 CAM-Chem GEOS-Chem All can track Sea Salt and Dust BB: fire-tagged aerosol or CO Initial Comparisons

8. Additional Science Capabilities Aging of primary particles All particles acquire secondary mat’l: sulfate, nitrate, organics, halogens… ‘Coatings’ deactivate mineral dust as ice nuclei, increase CCN activity Tracers and Indicators Cloud Processing: hydroxy-MSA, dicarboxylic acids, internal mixing, sulfate size & acidity Industrial emissions: Particles from heavy oil combustion, industrial metals Marine influence: methanesulfonic acid, sea salt High Potential for New Discoveries Historical Examples: Meteoric particle abundance, Pb ubiquity, Hg at the tropopause, organosulfates, BB particles throughout the stratosphere, … ATom possibility: Abundance of metallic aerosol. Extremely efficient IN. Largely from urban/industrial emissions. Distribution and abundance ???

9. Aerosol Sampling Limitations 1. Inside Clouds: Many aerosol measurements are not valid inside cloud due to shatter artifacts from water droplet and ice crystal impaction PALMS will exclude all in-cloud data 2. Aerosol Particles >5 microns: Windy/humid MBL Saharan dust plume No data for internal instruments However, external cloud/aerosol probe measures concentration: 0.5–50 microns Weak Saharan Plume SEAC4RS 8/8/2013 External cloud/aerosol probe internal aerosol instrument Artifact Fraction Artifacts 1. Aerosol from surface 2. Ablation of inlet material

10. Logistics Instrument Status: TRL 9, minor maintenance only Possible KORUS deployment Personnel: 1 operator/maintenance (Froyd or postdoc, TBD) Special field operations: Excimer laser gas maintenance: 15 mins every ~3 flights Beginning or end of ground maintenance days Equipment: Critical spares onboard, deploy other support equip Laser gas: pre-deploy at 2-3 locations, plus bring a small cylinder (TBD) onboard Ground schedules, flight plans, data policy… all OK.