1. Co-existence and Confrontation: Eisenhower’s Cold War, 1953-61 Unit 5 The GeneralThe President

2. Dwight David Eisenhower 1890-1969 talent for planning & organization gained him rapid promotion 1. In 1942 was appointed Commander of US Forces in Europe 2. He directed successful invasions of Africa (42’), Sicily (43’), & Italy (43’) 3. In 1943 he was named Supreme Allied Commander in Europe & oversaw the D-Day landings in 1944. After war he served as US Army Chief of Staff & then he was called by Truman to be the 1 st Supreme Commander of NATO

3. I. Containment under Eisenhower: The New Look A. Ike’s foreign policy was titled “New Look” 1.Many of Ike’s methods of containment were the same as Truman’s. 1. global web of anti-communist alliances 2. US military power. 3. Huge sums in aid 2. no attempt was made by force to recover territory already in the hands of the communists.

4. C. Differences between Ike & Truman’s strategy of containment: 1. Most important was an increased reliance on nuclear weapons under Ike. a.. (Brinkmanship) “The Doctrine of massive retaliation.” b. rational of the New Look was to curb the cost of containing Soviet communism. “more bang for the buck”

5. II. Containment in Practice: The Global Cold War under Eisenhower Key Issue: How was communism contained in Europe? A. Europe 1. Europe formed a relatively stable theatre in the Cold War during Ike’s administration. i. 1953 after Stalin’s death, workers mounted anti-Soviet demonstrations in the streets of East Berlin ii. Hungary 1956, Imre Nagy was installed as premier & called for the immediate removal of Soviet troops from Hungary & the withdraw of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact along w/ free elections. B. Geneva Summit 1955 C. 1956 uprising

6. 3. Indochina a. US continued to invest heavy in Indochina b. Indochina held the key to south-east Asia. (domino theory 1950-1980) c. Indochina guarded the entrance to south-east Asia, which as a whole was vital to US interest.

7. April 7, 1954 news conference: Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the "falling domino" principle. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences. Ike

8. In Vietnam, the US had sunk $4 billion in aid to France’s was against the Vietminh. critical phase: French chose Dien Bien Phu in N. Vietnam as a site for major battle. The French stationed themselves in a VALLEY!!!!! The French were starved for supplies & pounded w/ bombs so they surrendered.

9. 4. French & Vietminh opened negotiations under the eyes of the US & China & concluded the Geneva Accords in 1954. South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was established in September 1954.

10. In S. Vietnam the US Ngo Dinh Diem In N. Vietnam Ho Chi Minh

11. 1. 1956 Elections: Ike decided that S. Vietnam wouldn’t participate a. To the north, Ho consolidated his regime, while in the south small bands of communists (Vietcong) i. In 1960 they established the National Liberation Front (NLF). 2. Laos was also a source of concern in Washington.

12. Stalin's Death 1953; Peaceful Coexistence Khrushchev issues ultimatum on Berlin 1958 Nixon visits USSR 1959 Kitchen Debates Khrushchev visits US 1959 Sputnik 1957 NDEA National Defense Education Act 1958 Explorer I 1958 National Aeronautics Space Agency Launched U2 Incident 1960

13. The Middle East 1. Russian leaders enticed emerging nations w/ offers of substantial economic & military aid. 2. America proved generally successful in drawing newly independent nation states into its orbit. The Middle East policy was to: 1. remain friendly with Arab states 2. minimize Soviet influence 3. maintain oil supplies to the West.

14. Middle East 1.Israel 2.Iran 1953 coup; Shah Reza Pahlavi 3.Suez Crisis; Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser 1.Eisenhower Doctrine

15. Central America and the Caribbean A. US viewed Latin America & Caribbean as “their” backyard B. In 1948 the Organization of American States (OAS) was formed 1959 Fidel Castro assumed leadership of Cuba

16. Central America and the Caribbean a. Castro also signed trade agreements w/ the USSR i. Ike responded w/ embargo of Cuban sugar imports ii. Ike also instructed the CIA to train Cuban exiles in Guatemala for an invasion of the island c. Castro continued to seize US assets in Cuba i. The US now blocked all trade w/ Cuba except for a few essential items. ii. In January 1961 the 2 countries broke off diplomatic relations Raul Castro

17. Ike “Dynamic Conservatism” Maintained New Deal Programs Interstate Highway System Strove to balance budget Labor Unions grow in power Landrum Griffin Act

18. Civil Rights Earl Warren appointed 1953 Brown V Board of Education of Topeka 1954 Response 80% of whites oppose Kkk reemerged “Massive resistance” Crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas 1957 Little Rock nine

19. Ike Civil Rights Sweatt v. Painter – separate professional schools for black were not equal Thurgood Marshall, future Supreme Court Justice Brown V Board of Education of Topeka Kansas 1954 “the customs and convictions of at least two generations of Americans” and he refused to issue a public statement endorsing the courts decisions 14-year old Emmett Till was lynched in 1955 for leering at a white woman Crisis at Little Rock Sept 1957 On September 9, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1957

20. Ernest Green Elizabeth Eckford Jefferson Thomas Terrance Roberts Carlotta Walls Lanier Minnijean Brown Gloria Ray Karlmark Thelma Mothershed Melba Patillo Beals

22. Civil Rights Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-56 Rev. Martin Luther king leader of boycott – 400 days Southern Christian leadership conference; student nonviolent coordinating committee Non violent resistance Sit-in’s Greensboro Sit in Feb 1960 Jail not bail

23. Ike Evaluated Prosperous Public works projects revitalized the country Failing is civil rights, massive retaliation