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Introduction. The underlying vision for the emerging mobile and personal communication services and systems is to enable communication with a person,

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction. The underlying vision for the emerging mobile and personal communication services and systems is to enable communication with a person,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction

2 The underlying vision for the emerging mobile and personal communication services and systems is to enable communication with a person, at any time, at any place, and in any form, as illustrated in Figure 1.1. Besides providing un-limited reachability and accessibility, this vision for personal communications also underlines the increasing need for users of communications services to be able to manage their individual calls and services according to their real-time needs. For example, during certain period of the day a user may wish to divert his or her calls to a message center or to have the calls screened so that the in-coming calls can be treated according to the user's instructions.

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4 The concepts enabling us to provide universal personal communications include terminal mobility provided by wireless access, personal mobility based on personal numbers, and service portability through use of intelligent net-work (IN) capabilities. These concepts are being utilized at the national, regional, and international levels to specify and standardize a range of mobile and personal communication systems and services. Terminal Mobility, Personal Mobility, and Service Portability Terminal mobility systems are characterized by their ability to locate and identify a mobile terminal as it moves, and to allow the mobile terminal to access telecommunication services from any location—even while it is in motion. Enabling Concepts For Mobile And Personal Communications

5 Enabling concepts for mobile and personal communication services

6 Personal mobility, on the other hand, relies on a dynamic association between the terminal and the user, so that the call delivery and billing can be based on a personal identity (personal number) assigned to a user. Personal mobility systems are therefore characterized by their ability to identify end users as they move, and to allow end users to originate and receive calls, and to access subscribed telecommunication services on any terminal, in any loca- tion. Service portability refers to the capability of a network to provide sub-scribed services at the terminal or location designated by the user. The exact services the user can invoke at the designated terminal, of course, depend on the capability of the terminal and the network serving the terminal.

7 Static and dynamic associations user, terminal, and line identities.

8 The term "intelligent network" describes an architectural concept that is intended to be applied to all telecommunication networks. IN aims to facilitate the introduction of new services by decoupling the functions required to support call and connection control from those required to support service control, thereby allowing the two sets of functions to be placed on different physical platforms. New services can therefore be defined and implemented quickly, efficiently, and cost-effectively because major software changes to the switching systems, which were required in the pre-IN network architectures, are not necessary. IN architectural concepts are being used in a wide variety of networks including mobile and personal communication networks to capture the functions and relationships between the functions to support a set of ser-vice features and capabilities. extensive use of information processing techniques efficient use of network resources The Intelligent Network (IN) Concept

9 flexible allocation of network functions to physical entities communication between network functions via service-independent interfaces modular service creation using service-independent building blocks (SIBs) Currently international standards are available for IN CS-1, IN CS-2, and IN CS-3. Some of the key services that can be supported by IN CS- 1, IN CS-2, and IN CS-3 include: UPT (universal personal telecommunication) freephone (800/888 number) services alternate billing services local number portability virtual private networking Call control agent function (CCAF): provides user access capabilities and may be viewed as a terminal through which a user interacts with the network.

10 Call control function (CCF): provides the basic switching capabilities, which include the capability to establish, maintain, and release calls and connections.

11 Service switching function (SSF): cooperates with the CCF in recognizing the triggers and interacting with the service control function (SCF). CCF and SSF are considered inseparable and need to be supported in a single physical entity, but whereas CCF provides the trigger capabilities, the SSF supports the recognition of the triggers and interaction with the service control function. Service control function (SCF): executes service logic and provides capabilities to influence call processing by requesting the SSF/CCF and other ser-vice execution FEs to perform specified actions. The key role of the SCF is to provide mechanisms for introducing new services and service features independent of switching systems. Specialized resource function (SRF): provides a set of real-time capabilities, which may include address digit collection, announcements, text-to-voice conversion, and certain types of protocol conversion. In a physical implementation this entity is some times referred as an intelligent peripheral (IP).

12 Service data function (SDF): provides generic database capabilities to the SCF or another SDF. Service creation environment function (SCEF): is responsible for developing and testing service logic programs, which are then sent to the service management function. Service management function (SMF): deploys service logic (from SCEF) to the service execution FEs and otherwise administers these FEs by supply-ing user-defined parameters to customize the service and to collect billing in-formation and service execution statistics. Service management agent function (SMAF): acts as a terminal that pro-vides the user interface to the SMF. MOBILE AND PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Radio communication can trace its origin to the discovery of electromagnetic waves by Hertz in 1888 and the subsequent demonstration of transatlantic radio telegraphy by Marconi in 1901. Mobile radio systems using simplex channels (push-to-talk).

13 were introduced in the 1920s for police and emergency services. The first public mobile radio system in the United States was introduced in 1946 and can perhaps be considered to be the beginning of the era for public mobile communication services. The delineation of a boundary between the mobile communications in the past and in the present is not very difficult, because implementation of analog and digital cellular systems clearly represents a step change in the design and capabilities of mobile communication systems. However, a similar delineation of a boundary between the present and future mobile and personal communications systems is not so clear. Future mobile and personal communication systems will, to a large extent, represent evolution and enhancements of the present systems in many directions and on many fronts. These directions include the following: increased capacity and coverage global roaming and service delivery interoperability between different radio environments

14 support of high bit rate data, the Internet, and multimedia services wireless wireline integration for mobile broadband services global coverage using satellite constellations

15 The Past From the introduction of public mobile radio in the United States in 1946 until the first analog cellular system went into operation in Chicago in 1983, mobile radio systems were based on the trunking principle. In other words, the available frequency spectrum (in the 150 or 450 MHz band) was divided into a suitable number of frequency channels. A centralized, high power antenna was used to transmit signals to mobile receivers. Large mobile receivers were installed in automobiles (in the trunks), and the telephone sets also were rather large. A call originating from or terminating on a mobile terminal had to compete for one of the limited number of channels. The quality of service in terms of call blocking probabilities was very high in the order of 20-25%. To alleviate the high blocking problem in the early systems, efforts were made to allow call originations from the mobile telephones to wait for a free channel. In the so-called automated mobile telephone system (AMTS), the mobile telephone user would key in the called number and press the send button.

16 The Past From the introduction of public mobile radio in the United States in 1946 until the first analog cellular system went into operation in Chicago in 1983, mobile radio systems were based on the trunking principle. In other words, the available frequency spectrum (in the 150 or 450 MHz band) was divided into a suitable number of frequency channels. A centralized, high power antenna was used to transmit signals to mobile receivers. Large mobile receivers were installed in automobiles (in the trunks), and the telephone sets also were rather large. A call originating from or terminating on a mobile terminal had to compete for one of the limited number of channels. The quality of service in terms of call blocking probabilities was very high in the order of 20-25%. To alleviate the high blocking problem in the early systems, efforts were made to allow call originations from the mobile telephones to wait for a free channel. In the so-called automated mobile telephone system (AMTS), the mobile telephone user would key in the called number and press the send button.

17 The Present Since the initial commercial introduction of advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) service in 1983, mobile communications has seen an explosive growth worldwide. Besides the frequency reuse capabilities provided by the cellular operation, advances in technologies for wireless access, digital signal processing, integrated circuits, and increased battery life have contributed to exponential growth in mobile and personal communication services. Systems are evolving to address a range of applications and markets, which include digital cellular, cordless telephony, satellite mobile, and paging and specialized mobile radio systems. Data capabilities of these systems are also coming into focus with the increasing user requirements for mobile data communications, driven by the need for e-mail and Internet access. Whereas the analog cellular mobile systems fall in the category of first generation mobile systems, the dig-ital cellular, low power wireless, and personal communication systems are now perceived as second-generation mobile/PCS systems.

18 The first digital cellular system specification was released in 1990 by the European Telecommunications (ETSI) for the global system for mobile communication (GSM) system. The GSM, DCS 1800 (1800 MHz version of GSM), and DECT (digital enhanced cordless tele communications) systems developed by ETSI form the basis for mobile and personal communication services not only in Europe but in many other parts of the world including North America. The number of GSM subscribers worldwide exceeds 100 million and is growing rapidly. In the United States, the implementation of digital cellular standards developed by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TI A) is progressing at a rapid rate. These standards are based on time- and code division multiple access (TDMA and CDMA) technologies. Unlike GSM, the systems are designed to operate with dual-mode terminals that can also support analog AMPS service. The intent of the emerging PCS standards in the United States is to provide a combination of terminal mobility, personal mobility, and service portability to the end users utilizing a range of wireless technologies and network capabilities.

19 The cellular mobile and PCS standardization activity in the United States reflects the highly competitive and open market view of mobile and personal communication services and their evolution. A third digital cellular system called the personal digital cellular (PDC) was developed in Japan and is in full commercial operation in that country. To a large extent, the specifications for these second-generation cellular systems are being developed to meet the business and regulatory requirements in specific countries and/or regions, leading to incompatible systems that are unable to provide global mobility. Analog cordless telephones have been in common use in residential applications, where the telephone cord is replaced by a wireless link to provide terminal mobility to the user within a limited radio coverage area. Low power digital cordless telecommunication systems like CT2 (Cordless Telephony 2), DECT, and Japan's PHS (personal Handyphone System) are intended to pro-vide terminal mobility in residential, business, and public access applications where the users can originate and receive calls on their portable terminals as

20 they change locations and move about at pedestrian speeds within the coverage area. Reflecting market needs for better mobile data services are such standards as cellular digital packet data (CDPD) for support of packet data services on analog cellular networks, high speed circuit switched data (HSCSD), and general packet radio service (GPRS) for GSM, and IEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN (high performance European radio LAN) for wireless LANs. The emerging industry view is that the main drivers for next generation wireless networks will be Internet and multimedia services. Evolution toward high bit rate packet mode capabilities is therefore a key requirement for present and future mobile and personal communication systems. With respect to personal mobility services, such features as call forwarding, call waiting, automatic credit card calling, and personal number services represent ad hoc attempts by telecommunications network operators to provide a level of personal mobility to the users. Universal personal telecommunication (UPT), the emerging standard in

21 the International Telecommunication Union's Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T) for personal mobility, will utilize the IN and integrated services digital network (ISDN) capabilities to provide network functions for personal mobility. The Future With the rapidly increasing penetration of laptop computers, which are primarily used by mobile users to access Internet services like e-mail and World Wide Web (WWW) access, support of Internet services in a mobile environment is an emerging requirement. Mobile IP is an Internet protocol that attempts to solve the key problem of developing mechanism that allows IP nodes to change physical location without having to change IP address. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is now generally accepted as the platform for supporting end-to-end, broadband multimedia services with guaranteed quality of service (QOS). Wireless ATM (WATM) aims to provide an integrated architecture for seamless support of end-to-end multimedia ser-vices in the wireline as well as the wireless access environment.

22 The cellular and personal communication networks, whose radio coverage will be confined to populated areas of the world (less than 15% of the earth's surface), a number of global mobile satellite systems are in advanced stages of planning and implementation. These systems are generally referred as global mobile personal communications by satellites (GMPCS). GMPCS systems like Iridium, Globalstar, and ICO use constellations of low earth orbit (LEO) or medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites and operate as overlay networks for existing cellular and PCS networks. Using dual mode terminals, they will extend the coverage of cellular and PCS networks to any and all locations on the earth's surface. On the other hand, a LEO satellite system like Teledesic aims to provide high capacity satellite links to enable delivery of high bitrate and multimedia services to every location on the earth


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