1. The Drivers and Dimensions of Market Globalization 1. Drivers of Market Globalization Worldwide reduction of barriers to trade and investment Market liberalization and adoption of free markets Industrialization, economic development, and modernization Integration of world financial markets Advances in technology 2. Dimensions of Market Globalization Integration and interdependence of national economies Rise of regional economic integration blocs Growth of global investment and financial flows Convergence of buyer lifestyles and preferences Globalization of production activities Globalization of services

2. Dimensions of Market Globalization Integration and interdependence of national economies: Results from firms’ collective international activities. Governments contribute by lowering trade and investment barriers. Rise of regional economic integration blocs: Free trade areas are formed by two or more countries to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade and investment, such as the EU, NAFTA, and MERCOSUR.

3. Dimensions of Market Globalization (cont.) Growth of global investment and financial flows: Associated with rapid growth in foreign direct investment (FDI), currency trading, and global capital markets. Convergence of buyer lifestyles and preferences: Facilitated by global media, which emphasize lifestyles found in the U.S., Europe, or elsewhere; firms market standardized products.

4. Dimensions of Market Globalization (cont.) Globalization of production: To cut costs, firms manufacture in low labor-cost locations, such as Mexico and Eastern Europe. Firms also source services from abroad. Globalization of services: Banking, hospitality, retailing, and other service industries are rapidly internationalizing. Firms outsource business processes and other services in the value chain to vendors overseas. And, in a new trend, many people go abroad to take advantage of low-cost services.

5. The Drivers, Dimensions, and Consequences of Market Globalization 1. Drivers of Market Globalization Worldwide reduction of barriers to trade and investment Market liberalization and adoption of free markets Industrialization, economic development, and modernization Integration of world financial markets Advances in technology 2. Dimensions of Market Globalization Integration and interdependence of national economies Rise of regional economic integration blocs Growth of global investment and financial flows Convergence of buyer lifestyles and preferences Globalization of production activities Globalization of services 3a. Societal Consequences of Market Globalization Contagion: Rapid spread of financial or monetary crises from one country to another Loss of national sovereignty Offshoring and the flight of jobs Effect on the poor Effect on the natural environment Effect on national culture

6. Societal Consequences of Market Globalization Contagion—Rapid spread of monetary or Financial crises: Beginning in late 2008, the world economy experienced a severe financial crisis and global recession, the worst in decades. The crisis emerged when pricing bubbles occurred in housing and commodities markets worldwide. As bubbles in real estate markets burst, home values crashed and many homeowners could not repay their debts. Meanwhile, thousands of mortgages had been securitized, and their values plunged or became uncertain.

7. Worldwide, many people fell into severe poverty, partly because developing economies depend on exports to, and direct investments from, the advanced economies, which were in recession. Central bankers and finance ministers struggled to keep up with rapidly evolving events. Governments pumped huge sums of money into national economies to stimulate economic activity. Regulation of economic activity is increasing as governments address the crisis.

8. Percent Change in Annual GDP Growth

9. China and other emerging markets continued to grow, albeit at a slower rate. Crisis began in the U.S. and, like a contagion, spread worldwide. Contagion spreads relatively easily today because of globalization. An important cause of the crisis was inadequate regulation of mortgage markets and banking sectors in the U.S. and elsewhere, which highlights the importance of a strong legal and regulatory framework for national economic well-being.

10. Societal Consequences of Globalization (cont.) Loss of national sovereignty: MNE activities can interfere with governments’ ability to control their own economies and social-political systems. Some firms are bigger than the economies of many nations

11. Societal Consequences of Globalization (cont.) Loss of national sovereignty: However, some argue that global competition in the context of global free trade makes MNEs less powerful (e.g., the U.S. auto industry declined as foreign rivals from Japan and Europe entered the U.S. market. Someday, Wal-Mart may be overtaken by a giant Chinese retailer).

12. Societal Consequences of Globalization (cont.) Offshoring and the flight of jobs: Jobs are lost as firms shift production of goods and services abroad in order to cut costs and obtain other advantages. Firms benefit, but communities and industries are disrupted. Effect on the poor: In poor countries, while globalization usually creates jobs and raises wages, it also tends to disrupt local job markets. MNEs may pay low wages, and many exploit workers or employ child labor. Globalization’s benefits are not evenly distributed. Example Many people in India are losing jobs as the hand-woven textiles industry is being gradually automated.

13. Effect on the Poor

14. Example: Nike’s Foreign Factories Nike has hundreds of factories in Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere. Nike has been criticized for paying low wages and operating factories with sweatshop conditions. Labor exploitation and sweatshop conditions are genuine concerns in many developing economies.

15. Example: Nike’s Foreign Factories Consideration must be given to the other choices available to people in those countries. Nike and numerous other MNEs are making efforts to improve working conditions in their foreign plants.

16. SOURCE: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database Growth of World GDP, Average Annual Percent Change, 2000–2009

18. Societal Consequences of Globalization (cont.) Effect on the natural environment: Globalization harms the environment by promoting industrialization and other activities that generate pollution, habitat destruction, and other environmental harm. E.g., as China and India industrialize, air and water pollution have become major hazards.

19. Societal Consequences of Globalization (cont.) Effect on National Culture: Globalization opens the door to foreign firms, global brands, unfamiliar products, and new values. Increasingly, consumers buy similar products, modeled according to Western countries, especially the U.S. In this way, traditional norms, values, and behaviors may homogenize over time. National identity may be lost to “global” culture.

20. McDonalds-ization

21. Societal Consequences of Globalization (cont.) Effect on the Natural Environment: However, as nations develop their economies, they tend to pass laws that protect the environment. For example, this happened in Japan from the 1960s to the 1980s. In Mexico, the government is gradually adopting policies to protect the air, water, etc.

22. Globalization, Economic Freedom, and National Prosperity Economic freedom is the extent of government interference in business, the strictness of the nation’s regulatory environment, and the ease with which economic activity can be carried out. National prosperity is strongly associated with: Participation in international trade and investment The nation’s level of economic freedom Thus, nations should emphasize economic freedom and participation in international trade and investment.

23. Relationship Between Globalization and Growth in Per Capita GDP (in the ten years through 2002)

24. Distribution of Economic Freedom

25. The Drivers, Dimensions, and Consequences of Market Globalization 1. Drivers of Market Globalization Worldwide reduction of barriers to trade and investment Transition to market-based economies and adoption of free trade in China, former Soviet Union countries, and elsewhere Industrialization, economic development, and modernization Integration of world financial markets Advances in technology 2. Dimensions of Market Globalization Integration and interdependence of national economies Rise of regional economic integration blocs Growth of global investment and financial flows Convergence of buyer lifestyles and preferences Globalization of production activities Globalization of services 3a. Societal Consequences of Market Globalization Contagion: Rapid spread of financial or monetary crises from one country to another Loss of national sovereignty Offshoring and the flight of jobs Effect on the poor Effect on the natural environment Effect on national culture 3b. Firm-level Consequences of Market Globalization: Internationalization of the Firm’s Value Chain Countless new business opportunities for internationalizing firms New risks and intense rivalry from foreign competitors More demanding buyers who source from suppliers worldwide Greater emphasis on proactive internationalization Internationalization of firm’s value chain

26. Firm Level Consequences of Globalization The most significant implication of market globalization for companies is that a purely domestic focus is no longer viable for firms in most industries. Market globalization compels firms to internationalize their value chain, and adopt a global rather than a local focus. Value chain: The sequence of value-adding activities performed by the firm in the process of developing, producing, and marketing a product or a service. Globalization is the heightened ability of a firm to internationalize its value chain (reconfigure key value-adding activities), leading to greater international integration and cost efficiencies.

27. Internationalization of the Firm’s Value Chain

33. The truly international firm configures its sourcing, manufacturing, marketing, and other value-adding activities on a global scale. Rationale: Cost savings Increase efficiency, productivity, and flexibility of value chain activities Access to customers, inputs, labor, or technology Benefit from foreign partner capabilities

34. Implications for Management Building interconnectedness: ‘global orchestration’ of value-chain activities Exploiting knowledge Search for maximum flexibility in manufacturing, sourcing and other value-adding activities Relentless search for productivity gains and operational efficiency Recognizing, cultivating, and measuring key global strategic assets of the organization Gaining and sharpening partnering capabilities…

35. The World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2010 (2009 rankings are in brackets) Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007

36. Global Competitiveness Index 2003-2010