1. Ethnicity

2. What are some significant issues associated with ethnicity?  Measurable differences between ethnic groups such as?  History of discrimination between groups  Self-determination—the idea that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves  Ethnic competition to dominate nationality  Ethnic cleansing

3. The significance of ethnic diversity is controversial in the US  TO what extent does discrimination persist against minority ethnicities, especially African Americans and Hispanics?  Should preferences be given to minority ethnicities to correct past patterns of discrimination?  To what extent should the distinct cultural identities of ethnicity be encouraged or protected?

4. What is the difference between race, ethnicity and nationality?

5.  Ethnicity refers to a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.  Ethnic groups are tied to a particular place because members of the group or their ancestors were born and raised there.  Cultural traits displayed usually derive from conditions and practices in the groups homeland. Ethnic identity derives from the interplay of connections with other groups and isolation from them.  In the face of globalization trends in culture and economy, ethnic identity promote the preservation of local diversity, because regions of distinct ethnic identity will remain.

6.  Race refers to identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor and attempts to biologically classify groups of people.  It does not include elements of cultural identity and is much more simplified and basic.  At best, using physical features, such as skin color, hair type, and facial features, to classify a people is nearly meaningless because biological features are highly variable.  At worst, it is the source of racism, which is a belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and that racial differences can produce inferiority or superiority.

7.  Nationality is identity to a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.  A group of people tied together to a particular place through legal status and cultural tradition.  Similar to ethnicity in that membership derives from shared cultural values.  Many ethnicities have been transformed into nationalities because of a desire to rule themselves.

8. Where are ethnicities distributed?

9.  Regional concentrations of ethnicities in the US  African Americans are clustered in the Southeast  ¼ of population in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, and South Carolina  More than 1/3 in Mississippi  9 states have less than 1%Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, North & South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana

10. African-Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

11.  Hispanics are clustered in the Southwest  More than 1/3 of Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.  Also, California 30%, Florida and NY 15%  Asian Americans are clustered in the West  California (12%) ½ of all Asian Americans live here  Hawaii (40%)  American Indians are clustered in the Southwest and the Plains (1% of population)

12. Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the west southwest and in northern cities.

13. Asian Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

14. Native Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

15. Concentration of ethnicities in cities  African Americans are highly clustered in cities. ¼ of Americans live in cities whereas ½ of all African Americans live in cities  Comprise 85% of population of Detroit and only 7% in the rest of Michigan  Chicago is 1/3 African American compared to 1/12 the rest of the state  Clustering of Hispanics is similar  Clustering of ethnicities is especially pronounced in neighborhoods with in city  Ethnic concentrations in US cities increasingly consist of African Americans who migrate from the South, or immigrants from Latin America and Asia

16. Ethnicities in Chicago Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

17. Ethnicities in Los Angeles Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

18. Ethnic Diversity, New York City

19. African American migration patterns: 3 patterns have shaped the flow  Forced immigration from Africa to the American colonies in the 18 th century (fewer than 5% of slaves ended up in North America)  Slavery prominent in Roman times, replaced by feudal system, regained popularity due to shortage of labor in sparsely populated Americas  West coast Africans with superior weapons kidnapped and sold slaves to Europeans  At its height during the 18 th century, countries adopted the efficient “triangular slave trade” pattern. Ships left Europe for Africa transported slaves and gold from Africa to Americas, and carried sugar and molasses back to Europe  After Civil War, most African Americans remained in South and worked as share croppers (someone who works a field rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops)

20. Triangular Slave Trade Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

21. African Source Areas for Slavery Fig. 7.7: Europeans obtained African slaves mainly from the western coast of Africa. Arabs and others also obtained slaves from Eastern Africa.

22. Diagram of a Slave Ship

23.  Immigration from the US South to northern cities during the first half of the 20 th century  Sharecropping began to decline in early 20 th century because of industrialization of farming.  Migrated north and west in two main waves: 1910s and 20s and again in 1940s and 50s. Why?_______________________________________ __________________________  Initially they clustered in the small areas where a few had migrated to in the 19 th century. Area became known as “ghetto” after the term for neighborhoods where Jews were forced to live in the Middle Ages. Density was very high!

24. Cotton Sharecroppers in U.S.

25. African American Migration in the U.S., 20 th century Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

26.  Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during the second half of the 20 th and the first half of the 21 st centuries

27. African Americans in Baltimore Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

28. Race in the US

29. Separate but Equal—looking for spatial irregularities  A distinctive feature race relations in the US has led to strong discouragement of spatial interactions—in the past through legal means and today through cultural preference and discrimination  Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 held that separate but equal treatment was OK. That blacks and whites did not have to intermingle socially  With the acceptance of the “separate but equal” doctrine, Southern states enacted a set of discriminatory laws called “Jim Crow” laws that separated blacks and whites nearly everywhere.  Throughout the US house deeds contained restrictions that prevented whites from selling houses to other races  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS decision found “serperate but equal” to be unconstitutional in 1954 and a year later mandated desegregation of schools.  White flight is the emigration of whites in anticipation of the immigration of blacks

30. Segregation in the U.S.

32. Division by race in South Africa  Apartheid was the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas in South Africa, repealed during 1990s  Classified newborn baby as black, white, colored(mixed), or Asian  South Africa-Boers/Afrikaners, British  1948 Afrikaner dominated National Party won elections and vowed not to allow blacks to gain government control as a result of blacks gaining power in other African countries  Designated the homelands for blacks that were far from proportionate to population and land area  In 1991 the white government dismantled apartheid including property restrictions and classification at birth

33. Black “Homelands” in South Africa Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

34. Train Station Stairs for Whites South Africa under Apartheid

35. Train Station Stairs for Blacks South Africa under Apartheid

36. Ethnicity and Nationality

37.  In the US, every citizen is a member of the American nationality, every American is the member of a race, but only some identify with an ethnicity.  During the 19 th and 20 th centuries, political leaders have generally supported the right of self-determination. As a result, they have attempted to organize much of the earth’s surface into nation-states

38.  A nation-state is a state whose territories correspond to the territory occupied by a particular ethnicity  Ethnicities in Europe were transformed into nationalities during much of the 19 th century…example: France  By 1900, most of Europe was made up of Nation- States. But not Eastern Europe, it included a mixture of empires and states that did not match the distribution of ethnicities  WWII and Germany_____________________________________ ______________  Denmark is a pretty good example of a European Nation-State because the boundary of the state closely resembles the territory occupied by Danes

39.  Nationalism, which is loyalty and devotion to a nationality, is a centripetal force.  Television, flags, songs, sports teams—all are a means of instilling nationalism

40. Multi-ethnic and Multinational states—multi-ethnic is a state that contains more than one ethnicity and multinational is a state that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each as distinct nationalities

41.  Belgium is a good example of a multi- ethnic state  Russia and the United Kingdom are both examples of multi-national states  The UK is comprised of N. Ireland, Wales, England and Scotland  The Soviet Union was comprised of 15 republics that corresponded with the largest ethnic groups. They became independent states after the break-up of the Soviet Union  Three Baltic—Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania  Three European—Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova  Five Central Asian—Turkmenistan, Kirgizstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan  Three Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia  Russia 

42. Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

43. Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

44. Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

45. Ethnic Groups in Russia Fig. 7-12: Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

46. Why do ethnicities clash?

47. Ethiopia and Eritrea  Eritrea became an Italian colony in 1890  Ethiopia remained independent for more than 2,000 years but was defeated by Italy during 1930s  After WWII, Ethiopia was awarded freedom from Italy and awarded Eritrea by the UN  Ethiopia exercised dominance—banned language and dismantled legislation  Eritreans rebelled and began a 30 year war  Ended in 1991 when Eritrea won independence but flared up in 1998 over border dispute

48. Sudan  Civil war has gone on since 1980s between northern two ethnicities:______________________________________ ________________________________  Southerners resist the tranformation of a multi- ethnic society to one nationality tied to Muslim traditions; ex. Sex segregation laws  As Sudanese civil war died down, ethnic war in western Darfur as black Africans launched rebellion in 2003  Janjaweed, backed by Sudanese government crushed black Africans

49. Somalia  Overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim and speak Somali  Somalia was divided into British and Italian colonies, but 1960 two colonies were put together as Somalia  Most Somalis share a sense that Somalia is a nation-state with a national history, and culture.  Divided into 6 clans  In the 1990s, the Isaaks declared the north Samaliland and adopted currency and flag  Government collapsed and clans warred. Conflict continues currently although Islamic militias have charge

50. Lebanon  Lebanon estimates: 30% Christian(divided into Moronite, Eastern Orthodox, and other sects), 60% Muslim (Sunni sects but majority Shiite), and 10% other (especially Druze which combines Christianity and Islam)  Governmental system created in 1943 that represented religious groups—Christians were the majority  As Muslims grew, wanted political and economic equality  Civil war broke out in 1975 and each religion controlled its own territory  Still unstable

51. Dividing ethnicities among more than one state

52. South Asia  India had majority Hindus but many Muslims  Antagonism was so great that Britain divided the country into Hindu and Muslim  Hindu—India  Muslim—East and West Pakistan  Later Bangladesh and Pakistan  Caused massive migration of groups from either ethnicity to the appropriate region  Still disputes over the Kashmir region’s border  Also, Sikh extremists have fought for control of the Punjab

53. Sri Lanka  Conflict between the Sinhalese (74%) who have control of government / Buddhists who speak an indo-European language  Tamils (18%) Hindus who speak Dravidian language  Tamils claim discrimination and have received money for a rebellion from Tamils in other countries

54. The Horn of Africa Amharic (Coptic) Christianity is in central Ethiopia Islam diffused into the Horn of Africa Indigenous religions remain in pockets,

55. The Former Yugoslavia Genocide Ethnic Cleansing

56. Clashes of Ethnicities  Ethnic competition to dominate nationality  Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa  Ethnic competition in Lebanon  Dividing ethnicities among more than one state  Dividing ethnicities in South Asia  Dividing Sri Lanka among ethnicities